List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
1.
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION
6
Outline
Choice of Modulation Affects Battery Life
Classes of Modulation
1.3.1 Linear Modulation
1.3.2 Constant Envelope Modulation
GFSK and GMSK
Coherent Versus Noncoherent Demodulation
1.5.1 Modulator Requirements for Coherent Detection
Chapter 1 Summary
ARCHITECTURES
Direct VCO Modulation
Quadrature Modulator
Open Loop Modulation with PLL Tuning
Modulated Fractional–N Synthesizer
Calibrated Synthesizer Architecture
Chapter 2 Summary
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
3.1
3.2
Total Phase Error Variance
Chapter 3 Summary
vi CALIBRATION OF MODULATED FREQ. SYNTHESIZERS
4.
5.
AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION SYSTEM
PLL Mismatch Model
The Gain Error Detector
Track and Hold Modification to the Error Detector
Simulated Gain Error Detector Performance
Carrier Phase Tracking
4.5.1 Sources of Carrier Phase Error
4.5.2 Effect of Phase Offset and Drift on the Gain Error
Detector
4.5.3 Digital Phase Locked Loop Addition
Complete Gain Error Detector
Acquisition Range and Digital Coarse Calibration
Application to Other Architectures
Chapter 4 Summary
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
Discrete Prototype
5.1.1 Charge Pump and Loop Filter
5.1.2 VCO
5.1.3 RF Output Filter and Buffer
5.1.4 RF Phase Quantizer
5.1.5 Quadrature Sampler Approach
5.1.6 Board Level Phase Quantizer Circuit Details
5.1.7 Digital Calibration DAC
5.1.8 Multimodulus Divider
5.1.9 Reference Oscillator
5.1.10 Digital Signal Processing
Integrated Circuit Process Technology
5.2.1 Varactor
5.2.2 Bondwire Inductors
RF Phase Quantizer
5.3.1 RF Phase Quantizer Circuit Details
5.3.2 Phase Quantizer Comments
5.3.3 RF Interconnect
Digital Building Blocks
5.4.1 Flip–Flops
5.4.2 Adders
Reference Error Filter
5.5.1 Decimator Design
5.5.2 Discrete Time Filter Approximation
5.5.3 Digital Filter Architectures
5.5.4 SPT Approximation
5.6 Digital Phase Locked Loop and Phase Error Measurement
5.6.1 DPLL Loop Dynamics
5.6.2 Carrier Phase Detector with Track and Hold
5.6.3 Upsampler
5.7 Gain Control Multiplier and Error Amp
5.8 1.8 GHz VCO
5.9 Main Synthesizer
5.10 Modulator
5.11 Chapter 5 Summary
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
6.1 Discrete Prototype Results
6.1.1 Discrete Prototype GFSK/GMSK Eye Pattern and
Spectrum
6.1.2 Discrete Prototype RF Phase Quantizer
6.2 Integrated Circuit Test Environment
6.3 Automatic Calibration Results
6.3.1 GFSK/GMSK Eye Pattern and Spectrum
6.3.2 4 Level GFSK Eye Pattern and Spectrum
6.3.3 Calibration Dynamics
6.4 Power Consumption
6.5 VCO performance
6.6 RF Phase Quantizer
6.7 Summary
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Recommendations for Future Work
Appendices
Tools
A.1 Simulation Tools
A. 2 Test Setup Tools
A. 3 Typesetting Tools
A. 4 Miscellaneous
viii CALIBRATION OF MODULATED FREQ. SYNTHESIZERS
Index 149
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