Ground Penetrating Radar THEORY AND APPLICATIONS[原版非扫描]: Ground Penetrating Radar THEORY AND APPLICATIONS.pdf

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CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Contributors xv
Part I Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Principles 1
1 Electromagnetic Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar 3
A.P. Annan
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Ground Penetrating Radar Basic Principles 5
1.2.1 Overview 5
1.2.2 Maxwell’s equations 6
1.2.3 Constitutive equations 6
1.2.4 Material properties 7
1.3 Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Fields 8
1.3.1 Wave properties 10
1.3.2 Ground penetrating radar source near an interface 11
1.3.3 Reflection, refraction, and transmission at interfaces 13
1.3.4 Resolution and zone of influence 14
1.3.5 Scattering attenuation 16
1.4 Signal Measurement 17
1.4.1 Time ranges and bandwidth 18
1.4.2 Center frequency 19
1.4.3 Ground penetrating radar signal acquisition 20
1.4.4 Characterizing system response 20
1.4.5 Recording dynamic range 22
1.4.6 Antennas 23
1.4.7 Antenna directivity 24
1.4.8 Antenna shielding 27
1.5 Survey Methodology 29
1.5.1 Sampling criteria 29
1.5.2 Ground penetrating radar surveys 30
1.5.3 Common-offset reflection survey 30
1.5.4 Multioffset common midpoint/wide-angle reflection
and refraction velocity sounding design 31
1.5.5 Transillumination surveys 31
1.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation 33
1.6.1 Dewow 34
1.6.2 Time gain 34
1.6.3 Deconvolution 35
1.6.4 Migration 36
1.6.5 Topographic correction 36
1.6.6 Two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization 37
1.7 Summary 37
2 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Rocks, Soils and Fluids 41
Nigel J. Cassidy
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Electromagnetic Material Properties: Basic Theory 43
2.3 Permittivity and Conductivity – The Electrical Parameters of Dielectrics 44
2.3.1 Permittivity – " 45
2.3.2 Conductivity –  54
2.3.3 Permeability  – the magnetic parameters of dielectrics 55
2.4 Material Properties – Relationship to Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics 57
2.4.1 Loss factor and skin depth 59
2.5 The Properties of Real Materials – Practical Evaluations 60
2.6 Characterising the Response of Real Materials 62
2.6.1 Basic mixing models 63
2.6.2 Volumetric and inclusion-based mixing models 64
2.7 Summary 66
Acknowledgements 67
3 Ground Penetrating Radar Systems and Design 73
Steven Koppenjan
3.1 Introduction and Background 73
3.2 Methodology – Types of Ground Penetrating Radar 74
3.2.1 Impulse 75
3.2.2 Swept frequency-modulated continuous wave 75
3.2.3 Stepped frequency-modulated continuous wave 76
3.2.4 Gated, stepped frequency-modulated continuous wave 76
3.3 Radio Frequency Specifications and Definitions 77
3.3.1 Dynamic range 77
3.3.2 Bandwidth 78
3.3.3 Range resolution 78
3.3.4 Lateral resolution 79
3.3.5 Unambiguous range 79
3.4 General Design Criteria for Ground Penetrating Radar 80
3.4.1 System performance 81
3.5 Impulse Ground Penetrating Radar 81
3.5.1 Theory of operation: Impulse radar 81
3.5.2 System design parameters: impulse radar 84
3.5.3 Implementation of an impulse ground penetrating radar 85
3.6 Continuous-Wave Ground Penetrating Radar 86
3.6.1 Theory of operation – stepped-frequency, continuous-wave radar 86
3.6.2 System design parameters: stepped-frequency radar 92
3.6.3 Implementation of a gated, stepped-frequency, ground penetrating
radar 93
4 Antennas 99
David J. Daniels
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Basic Antenna Parameters 102
4.2.1 Energy transfer from antennas 102
4.2.2 Gain 104
4.2.3 Directivity 105
4.2.4 Coupling energy into the ground 105
4.2.5 Antenna efficiency 106
4.2.6 Sidelobes and back lobes 106
4.2.7 Bandwidth 106
4.2.8 Polarisation – linear, elliptical, circular 107
4.2.9 Antenna phase centre 108
4.2.10 Antenna patterns 108
4.2.11 Time sidelobes and ring-down 109
4.2.12 Antenna footprint 110
4.3 Antennas for Ground Penetrating Radar 112
4.3.1 Introduction 112
4.3.2 Coupling into a dielectric 113
4.3.3 Time domain antennas 115
4.3.4 Frequency domain antennas 124
4.3.5 Array antennas 128
4.4 Summary 133
4.5 Definitions 133
5 Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing, Modelling and Analysis 141
Nigel J. Cassidy
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Background and Practical Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar
Data Processing 143
5.3 Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing: Developing Good Practice 145
5.4 Basic Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing Steps 148
5.4.1 Data/trace editing and ‘rubber-band’ interpolation 148
5.4.2 Dewow filtering 150
5.4.3 Time-zero correction 150
5.4.4 Filtering 152
5.4.5 Deconvolution 158
5.4.6 Velocity analysis and depth conversion 158
5.4.7 Elevation or topographic corrections 159
5.4.8 Gain functions 161
5.4.9 Migration 164
5.4.10 Advanced imaging and analysis tools 166
5.4.11 Attribute analysis 167
5.4.12 Numerical modelling 168
5.5 Processing, Imaging and Visualisation: Concluding Remarks 171
Acknowledgements 172
Part II Environmental Applications 177
6 Soils, Peatlands, and Biomonitoring 179
James A. Doolittle and John R. Butnor
6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 Soils 180
6.2.1 Soil properties that affect the performance
of ground penetrating radar 180
6.2.2 Soil suitability maps for ground penetrating radar 181
6.2.3 Ground penetrating data and soil surveys 185
6.2.4 Uses of ground penetrating radar in organic soils and peatlands 190
6.3 Biomonitoring 192
7 The Contribution of Ground Penetrating Radar to Water
Resource Research 203
Lee Slater and Xavier Comas
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Petrophysics 206
7.3 Hydrostratigraphic Characterization 209
7.4 Distribution/Zonation of Flow and Transport Parameters 214
7.5 Moisture Content Estimation 217
7.6 Monitoring Dynamic Hydrological Processes 224
7.6.1 Recharge/moisture content in the vadose zone 225
7.6.2 Water table detection/monitoring 228
7.6.3 Solute transport in fractures 229
7.6.4 Studies of the hyporheic corridor 231
7.6.5 Studies of the rhizosphere 232
7.6.6 Carbon gas emissions from soils 232
7.7 Conclusions 237
8 Contaminant Mapping 247
J.D. Redman
8.1 Introduction 247
8.2 Contaminant Types 248
8.3 Electrical Properties of Contaminated Rock and Soil 249
8.3.1 Electrical properties of NAPLs 249
8.3.2 Electrical properties of soil and rock with NAPL contamination 250
8.3.3 Biodegradation effects 253
8.3.4 Inorganics 253
8.4 Typical Distribution of Contaminants 254
8.4.1 DNAPL 254
8.4.2 LNAPL 255
8.4.3 Inorganics 255
8.4.4 Saturated and unsaturated zone 256
8.5 GPR Methodology 256
8.6 Data Processing and Interpretation 257
8.6.1 Visualization 257
8.6.2 Trace attributes 257
8.6.3 Data differencing 257
8.6.4 AVO analysis 258
8.6.5 Detection based on frequency-dependent properties 258
8.6.6 Quantitative estimates of NAPL 258
8.7 Case Studies 259
8.7.1 Controlled DNAPL injection 260
8.7.2 Controlled LNAPL injection 262
8.7.3 Accidental spill sites 262
8.7.4 Leachate and waste disposal site characterization 264
8.8 Summary 265
Terms for Glossary 269
Part III Earth Science Applications 271
9 Ground Penetrating Radar in Aeolian Dune Sands 273
Charlie Bristow
9.1 Introduction 274
9.2 Sand Dunes 274
9.3 Survey Design 277
9.3.1 Line spacing 277
9.3.2 Step size 277
9.3.3 Orientation 278
9.3.4 Survey direction 278
9.3.5 Vertical resolution 278
9.4 Topography 279
9.4.1 Topographic surveys 280
9.4.2 Topographic correction 281
9.4.3 Apparent dip 281
9.5 Imaging Sedimentary Structures and Dune Stratigraphy 281
9.6 Radar Facies 282
9.7 Radar Stratigraphy and Bounding Surfaces 283
9.8 Aeolian Bounding Surfaces 285
9.8.1 Reactivation surfaces 285
9.8.2 Superposition surfaces 285
9.8.3 Interdune surfaces 286
9.9 Dune Age and Migration 288
9.10 Stratigraphic Analysis 288
9.11 Ancient Aeolian Sandstones 290
9.12 Three-Dimensional Images 290
9.13 Pedogenic Alteration and Early Diagenesis 291
9.13.1 Evaporites 291
9.13.2 Environmental noise 291
9.13.3 Diffractions 293
9.13.4 The water table 293
9.13.5 Multiples 293
9.14 Conclusions 294
Acknowledgments 294
10 Coastal Environments 299
Ilya V. Buynevich, Harry M. Jol and Duncan M. FitzGerald
10.1 Introduction 299
10.2 Methodology 301
10.3 Ground Penetrating Radar Strengths in Coastal Environments 303
10.4 Ground Penetrating Radar Limitations in Coastal Environments 304
10.5 Ground Penetrating Radar Studies in Coastal Environments 305
10.6 Examples of Ground Penetrating Radar Images from
Coastal Environments 305
10.6.1 Record of coastal progradation 306
10.6.2 Signatures of coastal erosion 307
10.6.3 Coastal Paleochannels 308
10.6.4 Ground penetrating radar signal response to lithological
anomalies in coastal dunes 310
10.6.5 Deltas 312
10.6.6 Reservoir characterization – hydrocarbon and hydrogeology 313
10.7 Summary 314
Acknowledgments 315
11 Advances in Fluvial Sedimentology using GPR 323
John Bridge
11.1 Introduction 323
11.2 Scales of Fluvial Deposits and GPR Resolution 324
11.3 Examples of Use of GPR in Fluvial Sedimentology 327
11.3.1 South Esk, Scotland 327
11.3.2 Calamus, Nebraska 329
11.3.3 Brahmaputra (Jamuna), Bangladesh 331
11.3.4 Niobrara, Nebraska 336
11.3.5 South Saskatchewan, Canada 340
11.3.6 Sagavanirktok, northern Alaska 343
11.3.7 Fraser and Squamish Rivers, Canada 349
11.3.8 Pleistocene outwash deposits in Europe 350
11.3.9 Mesozoic deposits of SW USA 353
11.4 Concluding Discussion 354
Acknowledgments 355
12 Glaciers and Ice Sheets 361
Steven A. Arcone
12.1 Introduction 361
12.2 Antarctica 363
12.2.1 Alpine glaciers: Dry valleys 365
12.2.2 Polar firn: West Antarctica 367
12.2.3 Englacial stratigraphy: West Antarctica 371
12.2.4 Ice shelf: McMurdo Sound 373
12.2.5 Crevasses: Ross Ice Shelf 376
12.3 Alaska 379
12.3.1 Temperate valley glacier: Matanuska Glacier 380
12.3.2 Temperate valley glacier: Gulkana Glacier 382
12.3.3 Temperate firn: Bagley Ice Field, Alaska 384
12.3.4 Temperate hydrology: Black Rapids Glacier 385
12.4 Summary 388
Part IV Engineering and Societal Applications 393
13 NDT Transportation 395
Timo Saarenketo
13.1 Introduction 396
13.2 GPR Hardware and Accessories 397
13.2.1 General 397
13.2.2 Air-coupled systems 398
13.2.3 Ground-coupled systems 398
13.2.4 Antenna configurations 399
13.2.5 Antenna and GPR system testing 399
13.2.6 Accessory equipment 400
13.3 Data Collection 401
13.3.1 General 401
13.3.2 Data collection setups and files 403
13.3.3 Positioning 404
13.3.4 Reference sampling 405
13.4 Data Processing and Interpretation 405
13.4.1 General 405
13.4.2 GPR data preprocessing 406
13.4.3 Air-coupled antenna data processing 407
13.4.4 Ground-coupled data processing 408
13.4.5 Determining dielectric values or signal velocities 410
13.4.6 Interpretation – automated vs. user controlled systems 411
13.4.7 Interpretation of structures and other objects 411
13.5 Integrated GPR Data Analysis with Other Road Survey Data 413
13.5.1 General 413
13.5.2 GPR and FWD 413
13.5.3 Profilometer data 414
13.5.4 GPS, digital video and photos 415
13.5.5 Other data 416
13.6 GPR Applications on Roads and Streets 416
13.6.1 General 416
13.6.2 Subgrade surveys, site investigations 416
13.6.3 Unbound pavement structures 419
13.6.4 Bound pavement structures and wearing courses 420
13.6.5 GPR in QC/QA 423
13.6.6 Special applications 425
13.7 Bridges 425
13.7.1 General 425
13.7.2 Bridge deck surveys 426
13.7.3 Other bridge applications 428
13.8 Railways 429
13.8.1 General 429
13.8.2 Data collection from railway structures 430
13.8.3 Ballast surveys 431
13.8.4 Subgrade surveys, site investigations 432
13.9 Airfields 433
13.10 Summary and Recommendations 435
14 Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Classification
with Ground Penetrating Radar 445
Alexander Yarovoy
14.1 Introduction 445
14.2 Electromagnetic Analysis 446
14.3 System Design 455
14.4 GPR Data Processing for Landmine/UXO Detection and Classification 462
14.5 Fusion with Other Sensors 469
14.6 Overall Performance of GPR as an UXO/Landmine Sensor 472
14.7 Conclusion 473
15 GPR Archaeometry 479
Dean Goodman, Salvatore Piro, Yasushi Nishimura, Kent Schneider,
Hiromichi Hongo, Noriaki Higashi, John Steinberg and Brian Damiata
15.1 Introduction 479
15.2 Field Methods for Archaeological Acquisition 481
15.3 Imaging Techniques for Archaeology 482
15.4 Depth Determination 484
15.5 Case Histories 485
15.5.1 Case History No. 1: The Forum Novum, Tiber Valley, Italy 486
15.5.2 Case History No. 2: The Villa of Emperor Trajanus of Rome, Italy 488
15.5.3 Case History No. 3: Wroxeter Roman Town, England 494
15.5.4 Case History No. 4: Saitobaru Burial Mound No. 100, Japan 495
15.5.5 Case History No. 5: Saitobaru Burial Mound No. 111, Japan 498
15.5.6 Case History No. 6: Monks Mound, Cahokia, Illinois 501
15.5.7 Case History No. 7: Jena Choctaw Tribal Cemetery, Louisiana 502
15.5.8 Case History No. 8: Glaumbaer Viking Age, Iceland 505
Acknowledgments 507
Index 509

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回复 12# Lrhziee


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谢谢分享！

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Ground Penetrating Radar THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

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