RF Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues(Wiley IEEE, 2006).part1.rar

RF/Microwave
Interaction with
Biological Tissues
ANDRÉ VANDER VORST
ARYE ROSEN
YOUJI KOTSUKA

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Vorst, A. vander (André), 1935–
RF/microwave interaction with biological tissues / by André Vander Vorst, Arye Rosen,
Youji Kotsuka.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-10: 0-471-73277-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-471-73277-8
1. Radio waves—Physiological effect. 2. Microwaves—Physiological effect. 3.
Microwave heating—Therapeutic use. I. Rosen, Arye. II. Kotsuka,Y. (Youji), 1941–
III. Title.
QP82.2.R33V67 2006
612¢.01448—dc22
2005047494
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents
Preface xi
Introduction 1
1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 7
1.1 RF and Microwave Frequency Ranges 7
1.2 Fields 9
1.3 Electromagnetics 10
1.3.1 Electric Field and Flux Density 10
1.3.2 Magnetic Field and Flux Density 17
1.3.3 Electromagnetic Field 22
1.3.4 Electromagnetic Wave 25
1.3.5 Antennas and Near Field 28
1.4 RF and Microwave Energy 30
1.4.1 Power and Energy 30
1.4.2 Influence of the Waveform 33
1.4.3 Blackbody Radiation 33
Planck’s Radiation Law 34
Rayleigh–Jeans Radiation Law 35
Stefan–Boltzmann Law 38
Wien Displacement Law 38
Wien Radiation Law 39
1.5 Penetration in Biological Tissues and Skin Effect 39
1.6 Relaxation, Resonance, and Display 44
1.6.1 Relaxation in Dielectrics 44
1.6.2 Resonance Absorption 45
1.6.3 Cole–Cole Display 47
v
vi CONTENTS
1.7 Dielectric Measurements 49
1.7.1 RF Measurements 49
1.7.2 Microwave Measurements 50
1.7.3 Liquids 51
1.7.4 Applicators 52
1.8 Exposure 53
References 54
Problems 55
2 RF/Microwave Interaction Mechanisms in
Biological Materials 63
2.1 Bioelectricity 63
2.1.1 Fundamentals 63
2.1.2 Cells and Nerves 65
2.1.3 Bioelectric Phenomena 69
2.2 Tissue Characterization 69
2.2.1 Ionization and Nonionization 70
2.2.2 Dielectric Characterization 70
Dipolar Orientation 71
Interfacial Relaxation 71
Ionic Diffusion: Counterion Polarization Effects 72
2.2.3 Dielectric Dispersion in Tissues 73
Conductivity 74
Permittivity 75
2.2.4 Measurements 75
Tissues 75
Liquids 77
Influence of Temperature 80
2.3 Thermodynamics 82
2.4 Energy 85
References 89
Problems 91
3 Biological Effects 93
3.1 Absorption 93
3.1.1 Fundamentals 93
3.1.2 Dosimetry and SAR 94
3.1.3 Thermal Considerations 96
3.2 Nervous System 100
3.2.1 General Description 101
3.2.2 Effects on Brain and Spinal Cord 103
CONTENTS vii
3.2.3 Blood–Brain Barrier 104
3.2.4 Influence of Parameters of Microwave Exposure 107
3.2.5 Nervous System Modeling and Simulation 110
3.3 Cells and Membranes 114
3.4 Molecular Level 116
3.5 Low-Level Exposure and ELF Components 117
3.5.1 Microwave Syndrome 117
3.5.2 Low-Level Pulsed Exposure 118
3.5.3 ELF Components 119
3.6 Ear, Eye, and Heart 120
3.7 Influence of Drugs 123
3.8 Nonthermal, Microthermal, and Isothermal Effects 124
3.8.1 Microwaves as a Trigger 125
3.8.2 Entropy 128
3.9 Epidemiology Studies 131
3.10 Interferences 132
3.11 Radiation Hazards and Exposure Standards 134
3.11.1 Standards and Recommendations 134
3.11.2 Tissue Phantoms and SAR Measurements 136
3.11.3 Computational Methods for SAR Evaluation 139
3.11.4 Exposure of Body to Cell Phone and Base Station 140
References 142
Problems 150
4 Thermal Therapy 153
4.1 Introduction to Thermotherapy 153
4.2 Heating Principle 153
4.2.1 Foundations of Dielectric Heating Principle 154
4.2.2 RF Dielectric Heating Applicator 157
Theory 157
Actual Dielectric Heating Applicator Systems 159
4.2.3 Microwave Dielectric Heating 163
4.2.4 Foundation of Inductive Heating Principle 164
4.2.5 Actual Inductive Heating Applicator 166
4.2.6 Detailed Theory of RF Dielectric Heating 174
4.2.7 Detailed Theory of Microwave Dielectric Heating 177
4.2.8 Detailed Theory of Inductive Heating 179
4.3 Hyperthermia 182
4.3.1 Biological Background of Hyperthermia 183
Survival Rate and Hyperthermia Sensitivity of Cell 183
Oxygen Partial Pressure, pH, and Hyperthermia
Sensitivity of Cell 184
viii CONTENTS
Period and Hyperthermia Sensitivity of Biological Cell 185
Hyperthermia and Combined Effect of Radiation 186
4.4 Method of Thermometry 186
4.4.1 Invasive Thermometry 186
Measurement by Thermocouple Sensor 186
Thermometer Using Thermistor 191
Optical Fiber Thermometer 195
4.4.2 Noninvasive Thermometry 197
Thermometer Using IR Photodetector 197
Noninvasive Thermometry Using NMR Technique 198
References 199
Problems 202
5 EM Wave Absorbers Protecting Biological and
Medical Environment 203
5.1 Foundation of EM Wave Absorbers 203
5.2 Classification of Wave Absorbers 204
5.2.1 Classification by Constituent Material 204
5.2.2 Classification by Structural Shape 205
Classification by Number of Layers 205
Classification by Appearance 205
5.3 Fundamental Principle 206
5.4 Fundamental Theory of EM Wave Absorbers 210
5.4.1 Single-Layer-Type Wave Absorber 210
5.4.2 Multilayer-Type Wave Absorber 213
Normal Incident Case 213
Oblique Incident Case 214
5.4.3 Taper-Type Wave Absorber 215
5.5 Application of EM Absorber 216
5.5.1 Quarter-Wavelength-Type Wave Absorber 216
5.5.2 Single-Layer-Type Wave Absorber 219
5.5.3 Multilayer Wave Absorber 219
5.5.4 Pyramidal Wave Absorber 221
5.6 EM Wave Absorbers Based on Equivalent
Transformation Method of Material Constant 223
5.6.1 Microwave Absorber with Multiholes 223
Matching Characteristics 224
5.6.2 Weakly Magnetized Ferrite Absorber 232
5.6.3 Microwave Absorber with Surface-Printed
Conductive Line Patterns 235
5.6.4 Integrated–Circuit-Type Absorber 239
5.7 Method for Improving RF Field Distribution in a Small Room 241
CONTENTS ix
References 247
Problems 248
6 RF/Microwave Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Applications 250
6.1 Introduction 250
6.2 Transmission Lines and Waveguides for Medical Applications 251
6.2.1 Coaxial Cable 251
Cable Specifications 251
Design Consideration 252
Power Loss 252
Low-Loss Fully Coaxial Cable 255
Skin Effect 255
Coaxial Cable for Microwave Balloon Angioplasty 256
6.2.2 Circular Waveguide 258
Fundamentals 258
Power Capacity of a Circular Waveguide 261
6.3 Antennas 261
6.3.1 Fundamentals 261
6.3.2 Antenna Configurations 262
Electric Dipole 262
6.4 RF and Microwave Ablation 264
6.4.1 Fundamentals 264
6.4.2 RF Development 267
6.4.3 Cardiac Ablation 270
6.5 Perfusion Chamber 279
6.5.1 General Description 279
6.5.2 Dose–Response Curve 282
6.5.3 Depth and Rate of Heating 282
6.5.4 Effects of Flow on Surface Temperature 284
6.5.5 Lesion Volume 284
6.5.6 Limitations 285
6.6 RF Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 286
6.7 Endometrial Ablation 287
6.7.1 Microwave Endometrial Ablation 287
6.7.2 RF Endometrial Ablation 287
6.8 Microwave Measurement Techniques: Examples 288
6.8.1 Introduction 288
6.8.2 Method of Measuring Blood Perfusion (Flow) in
Heart Muscle by Use of Microwave Energy 289
6.8.3 Lumen Measurement of Arteries Utilizing
Microwave Apparatus 290
6.9 Future Research 294
x CONTENTS
6.9.1 Microwave Tissue Welding 294
In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies 294
Previous Approaches to Anastomosis 296
Bench-Top Tests 297
Doping Biological Solder 297
In Vitro Vessel Anastomosis 299
In Vivo Experiment 300
6.9.2 Endoscopic Light Source and Microwaves for
Photodynamic Therapy 301
6.9.3 Microwave Balloon Catheter 302
6.9.4 Thermally Molded Stent for Cardiology, Urology,
and Other Medical and Veterinary Application 303
References 304
Problems 313
Index 315

Preface
This book addresses the unique needs of today’s engineering community with
an interest in radio frequency (RF)/microwaves in public health and in medicine
as well as those of the medical community. Our decision to embark on
this project was made during the time in which the authors served as Members
of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques (MTT) Subcommittee on
Biological Effects and Medical Applications of Microwaves.
We were even more enthusiastic about writing the book after editing two
special issues of IEEE MTT Transactions named “Medical Applications and
Biological Effects of RF/Microwaves,” one in 1996 and the second in 2001.The
number of excellent papers accepted for publication in those two special issues
required that two volumes be allocated to the subject each year.We then realized
that we had the obligation, and the opportunity, to develop a new biomedical
course that would encourage further research and produce new
researchers in the unique area of RF/microwave interaction with tissue. Thus
the book.
The material is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 summarizes fundamentals
in electromagnetics, with the biological mechanisms in mind. Special
attention is paid to penetration in biological tissues and skin effect, relaxation
effects in materials and the Cole–Cole display, the near field of an antenna,
blackbody radiation with the various associated laws, and microwave
measurements.
Chapter 2 discusses RF/microwave interaction mechanisms in biological
materials. The word interaction stresses the fact that end results not only
depend on the action of the field but also are influenced by the reaction of the
living system. Cells and nerves are described, as well as tissue characterization,
in particular dielectric, and measurements in tissues and biological liquids
are included. A section is devoted to the fundamentals of thermodynamics,
including a discussion on energy and entropy.
Biological effects are the subject of Chapter 3. Dosimetric studies attempt
to quantify the interactions of RF fields with biological tissues and bodies.A
xi
xii PREFACE
variety of effects are described and discussed; they include those on the
nervous system, the brain and spinal cord, the blood–brain barrier, cells and
membranes, effects at the molecular level, influence of drugs, and effects due
to extremely low frequency components of signal modulation. Thermal considerations,
related to absorption, are the subject of a significant part of this
chapter.The possibility of nonthermal effects is also discussed.This leads to a
discussion on radiation hazards and exposure standards.
Chapter 4 is devoted to thermal therapy. Thermotherapy has been used as
medical treatment in, for example, rheumatism and muscle diseases. In
this chapter, the reader will find a description of applicators and an extensive
discussion on the foundation of dielectric heating and inductive heating as
well as a variety of technological information. Hyperthermia is also
discussed as a noninvasive method, and practical thermometry methods are
described.
Recently, electromagnetic (EM) environments have become very complex
because of the wide and rapid spread of a number of electric or electronic
devices, including recent progress and the increase in use in the area of cellular
telephony. As a countermeasure, wave absorbers are being used for
protecting biological and medical environments, and knowledge about these
absorbers has become important. In Chapter 5, we investigate materials for
EM wave absorbers, both from a theoretical and an application point of view.
Special attention is paid to ferrite absorbers, for which it has long been a challenge
to develop an EM wave absorber at the desired matching frequency.The
chapter ends with the description of a method for improving the distribution
of RF fields in a small room.
Chapter 6 begins with some of the fundamental aspects of major components
used in RF/microwave delivery systems for therapeutic applications.The
authors have chosen to detail the research done on the subject of cardiac
ablation. The chapter also covers new ideas and research done on the use of
RF/microwaves in the development of future measurement techniques, such
as blood perfusion, for example, and the use of microwaves in therapeutic
applications. New inventions would reduce further the need for surgical
or invasive procedures, substituting noninvasive and minimally invasive
techniques.
The authors acknowledge the enthusiastic help received during the preparation
of the manuscript.
Andre Vander Vorst acknowledges the numerous conversations he has had
over the years with two past doctoral students, D.Vanhoenacker-Janvier on a
variety of microwave issues, more specifically microwave propagation, and
Benoît Stockbroeckx about exposure measurements and radiation hazards.
The stimulating environment created by some Ph.D. students is also acknowledged,
especially Jian Teng, who participated in the investigation of the effect
of microwaves on the nervous system of rabbits, and Dirk Adang, who in 2004
started a one-year epidemiological study on rats exposed to microwaves. This
author also benefited from conversations with Jacques Vanderstraeten about
PREFACE xiii
the effect of microwaves on DNA and with his colleagues of the Belgian
Health Council.
Arye Rosen acknowledges the enthusiastic help that he received from then
Ph.D. student, now colleague at Drexel University, M. Tofighi, who helped in
the preparation of some of the problems included in the book and who,
together with Yifei Li, reviewed part of the book. He also wishes to recognize
Renee Cohen and Melany Smith, who helped to organize and type part of the
material, and Rong Gu, who helped with some of the drawings. He acknowledges
that selected, relevant parts, included with permission, have been published
previously in IEEE Transactions and include contributions by Stuart
Edwards, Paul Walinsky, and Arnold Greenspon. He also thanks his son, Harel
Rosen, and his wife, Danielle Rosen, both of whose assistance is sincerely
appreciated.
Youji Kotsuka acknowledges Shigeyoshi Matsumae, former President of
Tokai University, for suggesting valuable topics for thermal therapy. He also
expresses his sincere gratitude to Kunihiro Suetake, Professor Emeritus of
Tokyo Institute of Technology, for his teaching on pioneering technologies
concerning EM-wave absorbers. He thanks Risaburou Satoh and Tasuku
Takagi, both Professors Emeritus of Tohoku University, for their encouragement
of EMC research, including biological effects.
ANDRÉ VANDER VORST
ARYE ROSEN
YOUJI KOTSUKA

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