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[Newnes] Practical RF Handbook (3Ed):

Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements xi
1 Passive components and circuits 1
Resistance and resistors 1
Capacitors 2
Inductors and transformers 6
Passive circuits 9
2 RF transmission lines 18
3 RF transformers 23
4 Couplers, hybrids and directional couplers 40
5 Active components for RF uses 49
6 RF small-signal circuitry 67
7 Modulation and demodulation 78
8 Oscillators 96
9 RF power amplifiers 122
Safety hazards to be considered 122
First design decisions 123
Levellers, VSWR protection, RF routing switches 123
Starting the design 124
Low-pass filter design 124
Discrete PA stages 127
10 Transmitters and receivers 148
11 Advanced architectures 163
12 Propagation 171
13 Antennas 181
14 Attenuators and equalizers 199
15 Measurements 204
Measurements on CW signals 204
Modulation measurements 205
Spectrum and network analysers 205
Other instruments 207
Appendix 1 Useful relationships 214
Appendix 2 S-Parameters 220
Appendix 3 Attenuators (pads) 225
Appendix 4 Universal resonance curve 227
Appendix 5 RF cables 228
Appendix 6 Wire gauges and related information 232
Appendix 7 Ferrite manufacturers 235
Appendix 8 Types of modulation – classification 236
Appendix 9 Quartz crystals 238
Appendix 10 Elliptic filters 240
Appendix 11 Screening 252
Appendix 12 Worldwide minimum external noise levels 261
Appendix 13 Frequency allocations 264
Appendix 14 SRDs (Short Range Devices) 268
Index 273

Preface
The Practical Radio-Frequency Handbook aims to live up to its title, as a useful vademecum
and companion for all who wish to extend their familiarity with RF technology.
It is hoped that it will prove of use to practising electronic engineers who wish to move
into the RF design area, or who have recently done so, and to engineers, technicians,
amateur radio enthusiasts, electronics hobbyists and all with an interest in electronics
applied to radio frequency communications. From this, you will see that it is not intended
to be a textbook in any shape or form. Nothing would have been easier than to fill it up
with lengthy derivations of formulae, but readers requiring to find these should look
elsewhere. Where required, formulae will be found simply stated: they are there to be
used, not derived.
I have naturally concentrated on current technology but have tried to add a little
interest and colour by referring to earlier developments by way of background information,
where this was thought appropriate, despite the pressure on space. This pressure has
meant that, given the very wide scope of the book (it covers devices, circuits, equipment,
systems, radio propagation and external noise), some topics have had to be covered
rather more briefly than I had originally planned. However, to assist the reader requiring
more information on any given topic, useful references for further reading are included
at the end of most chapters. The inclusion of descriptions of earlier developments is by
no means a waste of precious space for, in addition to adding interest, these earlier
techniques have a way of reappearing from time to time – especially in the current
climate of deregulation. A good example of this is the super-regenerative receiver,
which appeared long before the Second World War, did sterling service during that
conflict, but was subsequently buried as a has-been: it is now reappearing in highly
price-sensitive short-range applications such as remote garage door openers and central
locking controllers.
Good RF engineers are currently at a premium, and I suspect that they always will be.
The reason is partly at least to be found in the scant coverage which the topic receives
in university and college courses. It is simply so much easier to teach digital topics,
which furthermore – due to the rapid advances being made in the technology – have
long seemed the glamorous end of the business. However, the real world is analogue,
and communicating information, either in analogue or digital form, at a distance and
without wires, requires the use of electromagnetic radiation. This may be RF, microwave,
millimetre wave or optical and there is a whole technology associated with each. This
book deals just with the RF portion of the spectrum, which in earlier editions was taken
to mean the range up to 1000 MHz. Frequencies beyond this were traditionally taken as
the preserve of microwave engineers (sometimes, rather unfairly, called ‘plumbers’),
involving waveguides, cavity resonators and the like. But with the enormous strides in
technology in recent years, particularly in miniaturized surface mount components and
high frequency transistors, the domain of conventional printed circuit techniques, used
at VHF and UHF, has been extended to the areas of 1.5 GHz (SOLAS, safety of life at
sea, GPS and Glonas, global positioning systems), 2 GHz (PCS and DCS for mobile
phones) and beyond (Bluetooth in the 2.54 GHz ISM band for short range wireless data
links). In this context, an interesting and important development is the shift of large
areas of RF design, away from the circuit design team at, e.g. a mobile phone manufacturer’s
laboratory, to the development facilities of integrated circuit manufacturers. Thus ASICs
– application specific integrated circuits – are no longer confined to the digital field.
Firms such as Analog Devices, Maxim, Philips and others are steadily introducing a
stream of new products integrating more and more of the receive/transmit front end for
mobile phones and the corresponding base stations. Dual band ICs, for both 900 MHz
and 1800 MHz bands (GSM and DCS), have appeared, with work currently in hand on
3G devices – for the third generation of mobile phones. The necessary matching passive
components are also widely available, such as SAW (surface acoustic wave) filters from
manufacturers such as EPCOS (formerly Siemens/Matsushita Components), Fujitsu,
Murata and others.
The whole frequency range, from a few kHz up to around 2.5 GHz is used for an
enormous variety of services, including sound broadcasting and television, commercial,
professional, government and military communications of all kinds, telemetry and
telecontrol, radio telex and facsimile and amateur radio. There are specialized applications,
such as short-range communications and control (e.g. radio microphones, garage door
openers) whilst increasingly, RF techniques are involved in non-wireless applications.
Examples are wide band cable modems, and the transmission of data with clock frequencies
into the GHz range, over fibre optic cables using the FDDI (Fibre-optic digital data
interchange) standard. There are also a number of more sinister applications such as
ESM, ECM and ECCM (electronic surveillance measures, e.g. eavesdropping; electronic
counter measures, e.g. exploitation and jamming; and electronic counter counter measures,
e.g. jamming resistant radios using frequency hopping or direct sequence spread spectrum).
Indeed, the pressure on spectrum space has never been greater than it is now and it is
people with a knowledge of RF who have to design, produce, maintain and use equipment
capable of working in this crowded environment. It is hoped that this book will prove
useful to those engaged in these tasks.
This third edition has a number of minor additions, deletions and corrections throughout,
and substantial new material has been added to Chapters 4, 7, 8 and 13. But the main
change concerns the addition of a new Chapter 11. This deals with the advanced
architectures, including IF (intermediate frequency) signal processing techniques in
superheterodyne receivers, and other related topics.
Also important is the upgrading of Appendix 13, which gives details of frequency
allocations. Annexe 1 covers the documents defining UK frequency allocations. Complete
copies and further information may be obtained from the address given in the appendix.
Annexe 2 likewise gives brief details of frequency allocations in the USA. Appendix 14
gives information relating to low power, short range radio devices. These represent an
explosive area of growth at the present time, for a number of reasons. First, many of
these devices require no licence – a great convenience to the end user – although
naturally the manufacturer must ensure that such a device meets the applicable specification.
Second, due to the very limited range, frequencies can be re-used almost without limit,
in a way not possible in, for example, broadcast applications, or even in PMR (private
mobile radio). Details of the relevant specifications are found in Appendix 14.
viii Preface
It is hoped that the additions and alterations incorporated in this third edition will
make the work even more useful to all with an interest in RF technology. Those working
in the field professionally include IC designers, circuit and module engineers, equipment
engineers and system engineers. IC design is a very specialized area and is consequently
not covered in this book. Whilst it is hoped that readers will gain a useful appreciation
of RF systems engineering, the main emphasis of the book will be of greatest use to
those with an interest in circuit, module and equipment engineering.
Ian Hickman

Acknowledgements
My thanks are due to my colleagues C.W. (appropriate initials!) who was largely responsible
for Chapter 9, and M.H.G. who vetted and helpfully suggested many improvements to
Chapter 11.
My thanks are also due to all the following, for providing illustrations or for permission
to reproduce material supplied by them.
Anritsu Europe Ltd
Electronics World and Wireless World
GEC Plessey Semiconductors Ltd
Agilent Technologies
Institute of Electrical Engineers
IFR Inc.
Motorola Inc.
Motorola European Cellular Subscriber Division
Thales Antennas Ltd
Thales Communications Ltd
RFI Shielding Ltd
SEI Ltd
Transradio Ltd

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