Microwave and RF Product Applications
Publisher: CRC | Pages: 440 | 2003-06-27 | ISBN 0849317320 | PDF | 9 MB
The field of microwave engineering has undergone a radical transformation in recent years, as commercial wireless endeavors overtook defense and government work. The modern microwave and RF engineer must be knowledgeable about customer expectations, market trends, manufacturing technologies, and factory models to a degree that is unprecedented. Unfortunately, most of the available literature does not reflect this fact, but remains focused on high-performance, low-volume applications. Microwave and RF Product Applications helps resolve that deficiency. Editor Mike Golio culled its chapters from his bestselling RF and Microwave Handbook, incorporated critical updates contributed by the original authors, and organized the chapters into a practical, tightly focused reference. A complete table of contents at the front of the text makes finding specific answers quick and easy, and detailed lists of references in each chapter provide convenient access to the relevant expert literature. For engineers in industry, government, or academia, Microwave and RF Product Applications provides insight and information that may be outside their area of expertise. For managers, marketers, and technical support personnel, it builds a better understanding of the fields that drive and are affected by their decisions.
Contents
Section I Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of Microwave and Radio Frequency Engineering .................................................. 1
1.2 Frequency Band Definitions...................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Applications............................................................................................................................... 6
Section II Applications
2 Cellular Mobile Telephony
2.1 A Brief History.......................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 The Cellular Concept................................................................................................................. 2
2.3 Networks for Mobile Telephony ............................................................................................... 3
2.4 Standards and Standardization Efforts..................................................................................... 4
2.5 Channel Access.......................................................................................................................... 5
2.6 Modulation................................................................................................................................ 7
2.7 Diversity, Spread Spectrum, and CDMA ............................................................................... 10
2.8 Channel Coding, Interleaving, and Time Diversity .............................................................. 13
2.9 Nonlinear Channels ................................................................................................................. 14
2.10 Antenna Arrays ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.11 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 15
3 Nomadic Communications
3.1 Prologue..................................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 A Glimpse of History ................................................................................................................ 4
3.3 Present and Future Trends ........................................................................................................ 4
3.4 Repertoire of Systems and Services .......................................................................................... 5
3.5 Airwaves Management............................................................................................................... 9
3.6 Operating Environment .......................................................................................................... 10
3.7 Service Quality ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.8 Network Issues and Cell Size .................................................................................................. 14
3.9 Coding and Modulation.......................................................................................................... 16
3.10 Speech Coding......................................................................................................................... 18
3.11 Macro and Micro Diversity..................................................................................................... 19
3.12 Multiple Broadcasting and Multiple Access........................................................................... 21
3.13 System Capacity ....................................................................................................................... 22
3.14 Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 23
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Andy D. Kucar ........................................................................ 3-1
Paul G. Flikkema......................................................................2-1
Patrick Fay.............................................................................................................1-1
4 Broadband Wireless Access: High Rate, Point to Multipoint,
Fixed Antenna Systems
4.1 Fundamental BWA Properties................................................................................................... 1
4.2 BWA Fills Technology Gaps ...................................................................................................... 2
4.3 BWA Frequency Bands and Market Factors ............................................................................ 3
4.4 Standards Activities.................................................................................................................... 5
4.5 Technical Issues: Interfaces and Protocols ............................................................................... 6
4.6 Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 10
5 Digital European Cordless Telephone
5.1 Application Areas....................................................................................................................... 1
5.2 DECT/ISDN Interworking ........................................................................................................ 3
5.3 DECT/GSM Interworking......................................................................................................... 3
5.4 DECT Data Access ..................................................................................................................... 3
5.5 How DECT Functions ............................................................................................................... 3
5.6 Architectural Overview.............................................................................................................. 4
6 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
6.1 WLAN RF ISM Bands ............................................................................................................... 2
6.2 WLAN Standardization at 2.4-GHz: IEEE 802.11b ................................................................ 3
6.3 Frequency Hopped (FH) vs. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS).............................. 4
6.4 Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Energy Spreading ............................................................ 5
6.5 Modulation Techniques and Data Rates .................................................................................. 6
6.6 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).......................................... 8
6.7 Packet Data Frames in DSSS..................................................................................................... 8
6.8
6.9 5-GHz WLAN .......................................................................................................................... 12
6.10 RF Link Considerations............................................................................................................13
6.11 WLAN System Example: PRISM® II...................................................................................... 20
7 Wireless Personal Area Network Communications:
An Application Overview
7.1 Applications for WPAN Communications ..............................................................................2
7.2 WPAN Architecture ...................................................................................................................4
7.3 WPAN Protocol Stack ...............................................................................................................7
7.4 History of WPANs and P802.15 .............................................................................................11
7.5 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................12
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Thomas M. Siep and Ian C. Gifford ......................................... 7-1
Jim Paviol, Carl Andren,
IEEE 802.11 Network Modes .....................................................................................................9
and John Fakatselis................................................................................................................ 6-1
Saf Asghar......................................................... 5-1
Brian Petry...................................................................................... 4-1
8 Satellite Communications Systems
8.1 Evolution of Communications Satellites.................................................................................. 2
8.2 INTELSAT System Example...................................................................................................... 9
8.3 Broadband and Multimedia Satellite Systems ....................................................................... 12
8.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 17
9 Satellite-Based Cellular Communications
9.1 Driving Factors.......................................................................................................................... 1
9.3 Approaches ............................................................................................................................... 12
9.4 Example Architectures ............................................................................................................. 12
9.5 Trends ...................................................................................................................................... 27
10 Electronic Navigation Systems
10.1 The Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS)................................................................... 2
10.2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)..................................................................... 6
10.3 LORAN-C History and Future ................................................................................................. 8
10.4 Position Solutions from Radio Navigation Data................................................................... 10
10.5 Error Analysis.......................................................................................................................... 15
10.6 Error Ellipses ............................................................................................................................ 18
10.7 Overdetermined Solutions ...................................................................................................... 19
10.8 Weighted Least Squares ........................................................................................................... 23
10.9 Kalman Filters .......................................................................................................................... 25
11 Microwave and Radio Frequency (RF) Avionics
Applications
11.1 Communications Systems, Voice and Data.............................................................................. 1
11.2 Navigation and Identification Systems..................................................................................... 3
11.3 Passenger Business and Entertainment Systems...................................................................... 8
11.4 Military Systems........................................................................................................................ 9
12 Continuous Wave Radar
12.1 CW Doppler Radar.................................................................................................................... 2
12.2 FM/CW Radar ...........................................................................................................................4
12.3 Interrupted Frequency-Modulated CW (IFM/CW)................................................................ 6
12.4 Applications............................................................................................................................... 6
12.5 Summary Comments............................................................................................................... 10
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
James C. Wiltse........................................................................... 12-1
James L. Bartlett.................................................................................................. 11-1
Benjamin B. Peterson.................................................... 10-1
Nils V. Jespersen ........................................9-1
9.2 Target Market ............................................................................................................................. 2
Ramesh K. Gupta ................................................... 8-1
13 Pulse Radar
13.1 Overview of Pulsed Radars ....................................................................................................... 1
13.2 Critical Subsystem Design and Technology............................................................................. 3
13.3 Radar Performance Prediction.................................................................................................. 5
13.4 Radar Waveforms..................................................................................................................... 10
13.5 Estimation and Tracking .........................................................................................................13
14 Electronic Warfare and Countermeasures
14.1 Radar and Radar Jamming Signal Equations .......................................................................... 1
14.2 Radar Antenna Vulnerable Elements........................................................................................ 7
14.3 Radar Counter-Countermeasures........................................................................................... 13
14.4 Chaff......................................................................................................................................... 15
15 Automotive Radar
15.1 Classification .............................................................................................................................. 2
15.2 History of Automotive Radar Development............................................................................ 3
15.3 Speed-Measuring Radar ............................................................................................................ 4
15.4 Obstacle-Detection Radar ......................................................................................................... 5
15.5 Adaptive Cruise Control Radar ................................................................................................ 5
15.6 Collision Anticipation Radar .................................................................................................... 6
15.7 RF Front End for Forward-Looking Radars ............................................................................ 7
15.8 Other Possible Types of Automotive Radars ...........................................................................9
15.9 Future Developments .............................................................................................................. 10
16 New Frontiers for Radio Frequency (RF)/Microwaves
in Therapeutic Medicine
16.1 RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissue .................................................................. 2
16.2 RF/Microwaves in Therapeutic Medicine ................................................................................ 6
16.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 23
Section III System and Electromagnetic Simulation
17 System Simulation
17.1 Gain............................................................................................................................................ 2
17.2 Noise .......................................................................................................................................... 3
17.3 Intermodulation Distortion ...................................................................................................... 3
17.4 System Simulation with Digitally Modulated RF Stimuli ...................................................... 6
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Joseph Staudinger ................................................................................... 17-1
Arye Rosen, Harel D. Rosen, and Stuart D. Edwards .............. 16-1
Madhu S. Gupta ..................................................................................... 15-1
Robert D. Hayes ..................................... 14-1
Melvin L. Belcher, Jr. and Josh T. Nessmith......................................................... 13-1
18 Numerical Techniques for the Analysis and Design of Radio Frequency and
Microwave Structures
18.1 Integral Equation Based Techniques ........................................................................................ 2
18.2 Partial Differential Equation Based Techniques ...................................................................... 7
18.3 Hybrid Techniques................................................................................................................... 13
18.4 Wavelets: A Memory-Efficient Adaptive Approach?.............................................................. 13
18.5 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 16
Section IV Underlying Physics
19 Maxwell’s Equations
19.1 Time Domain Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations ...................................................... 2
19.2 Some Comments on Maxwell’s Equations............................................................................... 3
19.3 Frequency Domain Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations ............................................. 3
19.4 General Solution to Maxwell’s Equations (the Stratton–Chu Formulation) ........................ 5
19.5 Far Field Approximation ........................................................................................................... 7
19.6 General Theorems in Electromagnetics ................................................................................... 8
19.7 Simple Solution to Maxwell’s Equations I (Unbounded Plane Waves)............................... 10
19.8 Simple Solution to Maxwell’s Equations II (Guided Plane Waves) ..................................... 11
20 Wave Propagation in Free Space
20.1 Wave Equation ........................................................................................................................... 2
20.2 Wave Polarization ...................................................................................................................... 5
20.3 Propagation in the Atmosphere................................................................................................ 7
21 Guided Wave Propagation and Transmission Lines
21.1 TEM Transmission Lines, Telegrapher’s Equations, and Transmission Line Theory ........... 2
21.2 Guided Wave Solution from Maxwell’s Equations, Rectangular Wave Guide,
and Circular Wave Guide .......................................................................................................... 6
21.3 Planar Guiding Structures....................................................................................................... 11
22 Effects of Multipath Fading in Wireless Communication Systems
22.1 Multipath Fading ....................................................................................................................... 2
22.2 General Model........................................................................................................................... 6
22.3 GSM Model .............................................................................................................................. 10
22.4 Propagation Loss...................................................................................................................... 11
22.5 Shadowing ............................................................................................................................... 12
22.6 Performance with (Time and Frequency) Nonselective Fading........................................... 12
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Wayne E. Stark................................................................................................................... 22-1
W.R. Deal, Vesna Radisic,
Y. Qian, and T. Itoh ............................................................................................................ 21-1
Matthew N.O. Sadiku............................................... 20-1
Nicholas E. Buris ................................................................................ 19-1
Manos M. Tentzeris ........................................................................ 18-1
23
23.1 Fundamentals of EMI................................................................................................................ 1
23.2 Generation of EMI..................................................................................................................... 2
23.3 Shielding .................................................................................................................................... 4
23.4 Measurement of EMI................................................................................................................. 4
23.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 5
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Microwave and RF Product Applications: Microwave and RF Product Applications.part1.rar
