Radio Propagation and Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Communication Links:Radio Propagation and Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Communication Links: Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Ionospheric (Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering)
By Nathan Blaunstein, Christos Christodoulou
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
Number Of Pages: 614
Publication Date: 2006-10-20
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0471251216
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780471251217
Binding: Hardcover
Antennas and Propogation for Wireless Communication covers the basics of wireless communication system design with emphasis on antennas and propagation. It contains information on antenna fundamentals and the latest developments in smart antennas, as well as the radiation effects of hand-held devices.
Antennas and Propogation for Wireless Communication provides a complete discussion of all the topics important to the design of wireless communication systems. Written by acknowledged authorities in their respective fields, the book deals with practical applications and presents real world examples. A solutions manual for college adopters accompanies the text. Ideal for engineers working in communication, antennas, and propagation for telecomm, military, and aerospace applications, as well as students of electrical engineering, this book covers all topics needed for a complete system design
Contents
Preface xv
Chapter One: Fundamentals of Radio Communications 1
1.1. Radio Communication Link 1
1.2. Frequency Band for Radio Communications 2
1.3. Noise in Radio Communication Links 3
1.4. Main Propagation Characteristics 4
1.4.1. Path Loss 6
1.4.2. Characteristics of Multipath Propagation 7
1.4.3. Signal Presentation in Wireless Communication Channels 10
1.4.4. Parameters of the Multipath Communication Channel 14
1.4.5. Types of Fading in Multipath Communication Channels 17
1.5. Problems in Adaptive Antennas Application 20
Bibliography 21
Chapter Two: Antenna Fundamentals 22
2.1. Radiation Pattern 23
2.2. Field Regions of an Antenna 26
2.3. Radiation Intensity 27
2.4. Directivity and Gain 29
2.5. Polarization 31
2.5.1. Wave and Antenna Polarization 31
2.5.2. Linear, Circular, and Elliptical Polarization 31
2.6. Terminal Antennas in Free Space 34
2.7. Antenna Types 34
Bibliography 35
vii
Chapter Three: Fundamentals of Wave Propagation in Random Media 36
3.1. Main Wave Equations and Random Functions 37
3.1.1. Wave Equations 37
3.1.2. Random Functions and Their Moments 39
3.1.3. Random Equations 42
3.2. The Perturbation Method for Multiple Scattering 43
The Mean Perturbed Propagator 46
The Mean Double Propagator 48
Mass Operator and Dyson Equation 49
3.3. An Exact Solution of 1D-Equation 51
3.4. Approximations of the Perturbation Method 54
3.4.1. Low Order Approximations 54
3.4.2. Convergence of the Perturbation Expansion 57
3.4.3. Bourret’s Bilocal and Kraichnan’s Random Coupling Models 58
3.5. Random Taylor Expansion at Short Wavelengths 65
3.6. An Exact Solution of the Scalar Wave Equation 67
Approximate Evaluations of the Functional Integral (3.137) 71
3.7. The Electromagnetic Wave Equation 72
3.8. Propagation in Statistically Inhomogeneous Media 74
3.9. Propagation in Homogeneous Anisotropic Media 76
3.9.1. Coupling Between Wave Modes 76
3.9.2. Energy Transfer Between Wave Modes 79
Bibliography 85
Chapter Four: Electromagnetic Aspects of Wave Propagation
over Terrain 87
4.1. Waves Propagation in Free Space 88
4.1.1. A Plane, Cylindrical and Spherical Wave Presentation 88
4.1.2. Green’s Function Presentation 89
4.1.3. Huygen’s Principle 90
4.1.4. The Concept of Fresnel Zones for Free Space 92
4.1.5. Polarization of Radio Waves 96
4.2. Path Loss in Free Space 97
4.3. Radio Propagation Above Flat Terrain 98
4.3.1. Boundary Conditions at the Perfectly
Conductive Surface 98
4.3.2. Areas Significant for Reflection 99
4.3.3. Reflection Coefficients 104
4.4. Propagation Above Rough Terrain Under LOS Conditions 106
4.4.1. Scattering from a Rough Ground Surface 106
4.4.2. The Perturbation Solution 107
4.4.3. Kirchhoff’s Approximation 111
4.4.4. The Rayleigh Approximation 115
viii CONTENTS
4.5. Propagation Above a Smooth Curved Terrain 116
4.6. Effect of a Single Obstacle Placed on a Flat Terrain 119
Bibliography 122
Chapter Five: Terrestrial Radio Communications 125
5.1. Characterization of the Terrain 126
5.2. Propagation Scenarios in Terrestrial Communication Links 127
5.3. Propagation over a Flat Terrain in LOS Conditions 127
5.4. Propagation over a Hilly Terrain in NLOS Conditions 131
5.5. Effect of a Building on the Radio Propagation Channel 131
5.5.1. The Electric Field of the Vertical Dipole 132
5.5.2. Diffraction from the Edge of a Perfectly Conductive Building 133
5.5.3. Diffraction at an Impedance Edge of a Building 134
5.5.4. Diffraction from Roofs 135
5.5.5. Field Distribution Around a Building 137
5.5.6. Total Wave Field Reflected from the Walls and the
Ground Surface 138
5.6. Propagation in Rural Forest Environments 140
5.6.1. A Model of Multiple Scattering in a Forested Area 140
5.6.2. Comparison with Other Models 146
5.7. Propagation in Mixed Residential Areas 146
5.7.1. Statistical Description of Mixed Residential Area 146
5.7.2. The Average Field Intensity 148
5.8. Propagation in Urban Environments 149
5.8.1. Propagation in Urban Areas with Regularly Distributed
Rows of Buildings 150
5.8.2. Propagation Above Urban Irregular Terrain 154
5.8.3. Comparison with Existing Models 169
Bibliography 170
Chapter Six: Effects of the Troposphere on Radio Propagation 175
6.1. Main Propagation Effects of the Troposphere as a Spherical
Layered Gaseous Continuum 175
6.1.1. Model of the Troposphere and Main Tropospheric Processes 175
6.1.2. Tropospheric Refraction 179
6.1.3. Wave Attenuation by Atmospheric Gaseous Structures 185
6.1.4. Scattering in the Troposphere by Gaseous Structures 189
6.1.5. Propagation Clearance 191
6.1.6. Depolarization of Radio Wave in the Atmosphere 192
6.2. Effects of the Hydrometeors on Radio Propagation in the
Troposphere 193
6.2.1. Effects of Rain 193
6.2.2. Effects of Clouds and Fog 206
CONTENTS ix
6.3. Effects of Tropospheric Turbulences on Radio Propagation 210
6.3.1. Main Characteristics and Parameters
of Atmospheric Turbulence 210
6.3.2. Tropospheric Scintillations 219
6.3.3. Effects of Troposheric Turbulences on Signal Fading 228
6.3.4. Radio Propagation Caused by Tropospheric Scattering 230
6.4. Link Budget Design for Tropospheric Communication Links 232
Bibliography 233
Chapter Seven: Ionospheric Radio Propagation 237
7.1. Main Ionospheric Effects on Radio Propagation 238
7.1.1. Parameters and Processes Affecting Radio Propagation
in the Ionosphere 238
7.1.2. Main Effects of Radio Propagation Through the Ionosphere 250
7.2. Effects of the Inhomogeneous Ionosphere on Radio Propagation 254
7.2.1. Propagation Effects of Large-Scale Inhomogeneities 255
7.2.2. Propagation Effects of Small-Scale Inhomogeneities 262
7.2.3. Scattering Phenomena Caused by Small-Scale
Inhomogeneities 272
7.3. Back and Forward Scattering of Radio Waves
by Small-Scale Ionospheric Inhomogeneities 290
7.3.1. Effects of Back and Forward Scattering 291
7.3.2. Power of HE–Scatter Signals 294
Bibliography 299
Chapter Eight: Indoor Radio Propagation 302
8.1. Main Propagation Processes and Characteristics 304
8.2. Modeling of Loss Characteristics in Various Indoor Environments 306
8.2.1. Numerical Ray-Tracing UTD Model 307
8.2.2. Physical Waveguide Model of Radio Propagation
Along the Corridor 311
8.2.3. Physical Model of Radio Propagation Between Floors
and Walls 314
8.2.4. Empirical Models 318
8.3. Link Budget Design Verification by Experimental Data 325
Bibliography 332
Chapter Nine: Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Networks 335
9.1. Antenna Arrays 336
9.1.1. Antenna Array Terminology 337
9.1.2. Architecture of the Antenna Array 340
x CONTENTS
9.2. Beamforming Techniques 343
9.2.1. Analog Beamforming 344
9.2.2. Digital Beamforming 348
9.3. Adaptive Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications 357
9.3.1. Adaptive Antennas for Outdoor Wireless Communications 357
9.3.2. Adaptive Antennas for Indoor Wireless Communications 367
9.3.3. Adaptive Antennas for Satellite-Mobile Communications 369
9.4. Network Performance Improvement Using an Antenna Array 371
9.4.1. Reduction in Multipath Phenomena 371
9.4.2. Reduction in Delay Spread 373
9.4.3. Reduction in Angular Spread 374
9.4.4. Range Increase 375
9.4.5. Reduction in Co-Channel Interference and Outage
Probability 376
9.4.6. Increase in Spectrum Efficiency and Decrease of
BER by Using Smart Antennas 380
Summary 382
Bibliography 382
Chapter Ten: Prediction of Signal Distribution in Space, Time
and Frequency Domains in Radio Channels for Adaptive
Antenna Applications 393
10.1. Predicting Models for Indoor Communication Channels 395
10.2. Predicting Models for Outdoor Communication Channels 401
10.3. Experimental Verification of Signal Power Distribution
in Azimuth, Elevation, and Time Delay Domains 417
10.4. Signal Power Spectra Distribution in Frequency
Shift Domain 432
10.4.1. Spatial Signal Distribution 432
10.4.2. Signal Power Distribution in Doppler Shift Domain 434
Bibliography 437
Chapter Eleven: Multipath Fading Phenomena in Land
Wireless Links 441
11.1. Prediction of Loss Characteristics for Land Radio Links 442
11.1.1. Statistical Distribution of Buildings in Urban
Environments 443
11.1.2. Influence of Terrain Features on Loss Characteristics 446
11.1.3. Frequency Dependence of Signal Intensity in Various
Built-Up Areas 448
11.1.4. Radio Pattern Around a Building—Comparison
Theory and Experiment 451
CONTENTS xi
11.1.5. Verification of the Stochastic Approach via Numerous
Experiments 453
11.1.6. Advantages and Limitations of 3D Stochasic
MultiParametric Approach 465
11.2. Link Budget Design for Various Land Environments 468
11.2.1. Existing Methods of Link Budget Design 468
11.2.2. Link Budget Design Based on the Stochastic Approach 473
11.2.3. Experimental Verification of the Link Budget 476
11.2.4. Experimental Verification of Slow and Fast Fading 478
11.3. Characterization of Multipath Radio Channel by Rician Factor 484
11.4. Main Algorithm of Radio Coverage (Radio Map) Design 486
Bibliography 493
Chapter Twelve: Cellular Communication Networks Design
Based on Radio Propagation Phenomena 497
12.1. Grade of Service (GOS) Design Operating in Multipath Fading
Environment 498
12.1.1. The Concept 499
12.1.2. Simulation Tests 500
12.1.3. Traffic Computation in Wireless Channels with
Fading 501
12.2. Propagation Aspects of Cell Planning 504
12.2.1. Main Characteristics of Uniform Cellular Pattern 505
12.2.2. Methods of Cellular Map Design 508
12.2.3. Strategy of Non Uniform Cellular Maps Design 513
12.3. Prediction of Parameters of Information Data Stream 520
Channel Capacity and Spectral Efficiency 520
Relations Between Main Parameters 523
Bibliography 526
Chapter Thirteen: Prediction of Operational Characteristics of
Adaptive Antennas 530
13.1. Experimental Verification of Signal Distribution in Azimuth,
Time Delay, and Doppler Shift Domains 530
13.2. Prediction of Adaptive Antenna Characteristics Based on
Unified Stochastic Approach 540
13.2.1. Tilt-Dependence of the Base Station Antenna 541
13.2.2. Azimuth-Dependence of the Base Station Antenna
Maximum Loop 542
13.2.3. Directivity-Dependence of the Base Station Antenna 543
Bibliography 546
xii CONTENTS
Chapter Fourteen: Land–Satellite Communication Links 548
14.1. Objective 548
14.2. Type of Signals in Land–Satellite Communication Links 553
14.3. Statistical Models 555
14.3.1. Loo’s Model 555
14.3.2. Extended Suzuki Model 558
14.3.3. Corazza–Vatalaro Model 559
14.3.4. The Xie-Fang Model 561
14.3.5. Three-State Propagation Channel 564
14.3.6. Lutz Statistical Model 568
14.3.7. Abdi’s Model 569
14.4. Physical–Statistical Models 572
14.4.1. The Model of Shadowing 573
14.4.2. Multiparametric Stochastic Approach 574
14.5. The Unified Algorithm for Fading Phenomena Prediction 576
14.6. Mega-Cell Concept for Land Satellite Communication Links 585
14.6.1. Existing Land–Satellite Personal and Mobile Systems 587
14.6.2. Global Land–Satellite Personal Communication Systems
(PCS) 591
14.7. ‘‘Mega-Cell’’ Global Networks Design 598
Summary 602
Bibliography 603
Index 607
Radio Propagation and Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Communication Links (2006).part3
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Radio Propagation and Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Communication Links (2006).part2
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