Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications:Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications (Antennas & Propagation Library)
By Kazimierz Siwiak, Yasaman Bahreini
Publisher: Artech
House Publishers
Number Of Pages: 494
Publication Date: 2007-04-30
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 159693073X
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9781596930735
Binding: Hardcover
Product Description:
Gain a better understanding of the various propagation and antenna problems as
sociated with personal communications with this updated and expanded version of the 1995 bestseller. As with its first edition, this new book quickly brings you up to
speed on the personal communication radio channel, and demystifies the complicated engineering details behind fixed-site antennas, personal communications device (PCD) antennas near to the human body, and the radio propagation channel. The
book also contains brand new material, including propagation characteristics associated with various new protocols, expanded sections on multipath wave propagation, new sections covering RF exposure standards, new problem-and-solution sets, and much more. Valuable reading for radio design engineers and PCS system
designers, mechanical engineers, and EE students.
Software Included! Accompanying software containing Mathcad version 6.0 and 7.0 Professional Edition templates
guide you through chapter-end problems, and FORTRAN source code and executable code assist you in further
study of loop and dipole antennas. One 3.5" IBM
PC-
compatible diskette; Mathcad templates compatible with IBM-PC and Macintosh versions of Mathcad
Contents
Preface to the First Edition ix
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the Third Edition xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1
1.2 Personal Communications 3
1.3 Electromagnetics Fundamentals 5
1.3.1 Maxwell’s Equations 8
1.3.2 Boundary Conditions 10
1.3.3 Vector and Scalar Potentials 11
1.3.4 Radiation from a Sinusoidally Excited Current Element 12
1.3.5 Duality in Maxwell’s Equations 14
1.3.6 Current Loop for Sinusoidal Excitation 16
1.3.7 Radiation of a UWB Elementary Dipole and Loop 16
1.3.8 Radiation Zones 20
1.4 Basic Radiowave and Antenna Parameters 23
1.5 Summary 30
Problems 30
References 35
vii
2 Fixed-Site Antennas 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Antennas as Arrays of Current Sources 39
2.3 Pattern Multiplication and Array Factor 39
2.4 Collinear Antennas and Vertical-Plane Pattern Control 40
2.5 Directivity and Beam Width for Omnidirectional
Antennas 41
2.6 Array Antennas 42
2.6.1 Collinear Array and Fourier Transform 43
2.6.2 Horizontal-Plane Pattern Directivity 44
2.6.3 Aperture Antennas: Two-Dimensional Transforms 45
2.7 Pattern Shaping of High-Gain Collinear Antennas 46
2.8 Multiple-Beam Antennas 49
2.8.1 Matrix-Fed Multiple-Beam Antenna Designs 50
2.8.2 Smart Antennas 51
2.9 Proximity Effects in Antennas 53
2.9.1 Treating Scatterers as Infinitely Long Cylinders 53
2.9.2 Modeling the Finite-Length Scatterer 55
2.9.3 Measured and Calculated Patterns Involving Cylindrical
Scatterers 57
2.9.4 Application to an Antenna Mounted on the
Side of a Tower 57
2.9.5 Effect of Antenna Distortion on Coverage Range 61
2.9.6 Parasitically Driven Array Antennas 61
2.10 Indoor Fixed Sites 65
2.10.1 Wireless Local-Area Network Fixed Sites 66
2.10.2 Gain Antennas for UWB Pulses 66
2.11 Summary 68
Problems 69
References 73
3 Radio Communication Channel 77
3.1 Introduction 77
viii Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications
3.2 Guided Waves 78
3.2.1 Losses in Dielectrics 78
3.2.2 Losses in Conductors 80
3.2.3 Coaxial Transmission Lines 81
3.2.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 84
3.2.5 Minimum Attenuation in Transmission Lines 85
3.2.6 Summary of Transmission Line Relationships 86
3.2.7 Optical Fiber Transmission Lines 86
3.3 Basic Radiowave Propagation 87
3.3.1 Friis Transmission Formula 88
3.3.2 Comparison of Guided Wave and Radiowave
Propagation Attenuation 89
3.4 Wave Polarization 90
3.4.1 Polarization of Antennas 90
3.4.2 Polarization Characteristics of Antennas 91
3.4.3 Polarization Mismatch in Antennas 91
3.4.4 Polarization Filtering: An Experiment in Optics 92
3.4.5 Polarization Scattering and the Radar Equation 93
3.5 Summary 94
Problems 95
References 98
4 Radio Frequency Spectrum 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Extremely Low and Very Low Frequencies (<30 kHz) 101
4.3 Low and Medium Frequencies (30 kHz to 3 MHz) 103
4.4 High Frequencies (3 to 30 MHz) 103
4.4.1 Ionosphere 104
4.4.2 Layers in the Ionosphere 104
4.4.3 Ionized Gases 105
4.4.4 Ionospheric Reflection 106
4.4.5 Maximum Usable Frequency 106
4.4.6 Multiple Hops in Shortwave Communications 107
Contents ix
4.5 Very High Frequencies and Ultrahigh Frequencies
(30 MHz to 3 GHz) 110
4.5.1 Communications via Scattering from Meteor Trails 110
4.5.2 Propagation by Tropospheric Bending 113
4.5.3 Tropospheric Scattering 113
4.6 Above Ultrahigh Frequencies (Above 3 GHz) 114
4.7 Picking an Optimum Operating Frequency 114
4.8 Multiuser Communications Systems 117
4.8.1 Paging Systems 118
4.8.2 Digital Voice Broadcasting Systems 122
4.8.3 Packet Access Systems 123
4.8.4 Cellular and Mobile Voice Systems 125
4.8.5 Third-Generation Voice and Data Mobile Systems 129
4.8.6 Broadband Wireless Access Systems 131
4.8.7 Wireless Local-Area Network Systems 132
4.8.8 UWB Systems 134
4.9 Summary 135
Problems 136
References 141
5 Communications Using Earth-Orbiting Satellites 145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Satellite Orbit Fundamentals 146
5.2.1 Orbital Mechanics 146
5.2.2 Orbital Predictions 148
5.2.3 Types of Orbits 149
5.2.4 Big LEO Systems 151
5.3 Satellite Propagation Path 151
5.3.1 Path Loss in a Satellite Link 152
5.3.2 Doppler Shift 154
5.3.3 Coverage from Satellites 155
5.3.4 Link Characteristics from Earth-Orbiting Satellites 157
5.4 Polarization Effects in Signals from an Orbiting Satellite 160
5.4.1 Effects of Reflections and Diffractions 160
x Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications
5.4.2 Faraday Rotation of Polarization 161
5.5 Summary 163
Problems 164
References 169
6 Radiowave Propagation over a Smooth Earth 171
6.1 Introduction 171
6.2 A Two-Ray Propagation Model for Harmonic Waves 171
6.2.1 Spherical Wave with Modifiers 172
6.2.2 Plane Wave Reflection Coefficients 174
6.2.3 Two-Layer Ground Model 175
6.2.4 Surface Wave Factor 176
6.2.5 Grazing Angle of Incidence 177
6.3 An Open-Field Test Range Model 178
6.3.1 A Two-Ray Model of an Open-Field Test Site 180
6.3.2 Field Strength Versus Ground Parameters 181
6.3.3 Field-Strength Profile on a 45m Range 182
6.3.4 Calibrating a Test Site 183
6.3.5 Effect of the Calibration Gain Standard 185
6.4 UWB Pulse Propagation with a Ground Reflection 187
6.4.1 UWB Pulse in Free Space 187
6.4.2 Ground Reflection with a UWB Pulse 190
6.4.3 UWB Pulses Sent at High Repetition Rate 193
6.5 Summary 194
Problems 194
References 197
7 Radiowave Propagation: Urban and Suburban Paths 199
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Theoretical Models for Urban Propagation 200
7.2.1 Diffracting Screens Model 200
7.2.2 COST 231 Model 205
7.2.3 Diffraction over Knife-Edge Obstacles 206
7.3 Empirical Models for Urban Propagation 208
Contents xi
7.3.1 Okumura Signal Prediction Method 208
7.3.2 Hata and Modified Hata Formulas 208
7.3.3 Ibrahim and Parsons Method: London Model 212
7.4 Propagation beyond the Horizon 214
7.5 Propagation within, near, and into Buildings 216
7.5.1 Theoretical In-Building Multipath-Based Model 216
7.5.2 Theoretical In-Building Ray-Tracing Model 217
7.5.3 An In-Room Deterministic Propagation Model 218
7.5.4 Propagation near Buildings 221
7.5.5 Propagation into Buildings 223
7.6 Polarization Effects 224
7.6.1 Polarization Cross-Coupling Model Using Diffraction 225
7.6.2 An Urban Model of Polarization Cross-Coupling 227
7.6.3 Polarization Cross-Coupling Measurements 229
7.6.4 A Three-Dimensional Model of Incident Waves 231
7.7 Summary 231
Problems 232
References 235
8 Signals in Multipath Propagation 239
8.1 Introduction 239
8.2 Urban Propagation: Understanding Signal Behavior 241
8.3 Statistical Descriptions of Signals 242
8.3.1 Multipath and Fading: Local Variations 243
8.3.2 Large-Scale Signal Variations 246
8.3.3 Combining Cumulative Distribution Functions 247
8.3.4 Normal Approximation to Composite CDF 248
8.3.5 Small-Scale Signal Variations and Delay Spread 248
8.3.6 Multipath with UWB Pulses 251
8.3.7 Relation Between Multipath and Propagation Law 252
8.4 Signal Strength Required for Communications 254
8.4.1 Signal Call Success Probability 255
8.4.2 Determining the Fixed Station Power 257
8.5 Diversity Techniques 258
xii Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications
8.5.1 Diversity Improvement by Repeated Transmission 258
8.5.2 Simultaneous Transmissions in Radio Communications 259
8.5.3 Diversity Reception by Multiple Antennas 263
8.5.4 Diversity Reception of Lognormally Distributed Signals 266
8.5.5 Diversity Reception of Rayleigh-Distributed Signals 268
8.5.6 Mitigation of Multipath Effects 270
8.5.7 Maximum Rake Gain for UWB Pulses in Multipath 271
8.6 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Systems 271
8.6.1 A MIMO System Reference Model 271
8.6.2 MIMO System Capacity 273
8.6.3 MIMO System Capacity with a LOS Component 273
8.7 Summary 274
Problems 275
References 278
9 Receiver Sensitivity and Transmitted Fields 281
9.1 Introduction 281
9.2 Field-Strength Sensitivity of Receivers 282
9.2.1 Statistical Method for Measuring Field-Strength
Sensitivity 282
9.2.2 Determining the 80% Calling Response Rate 283
9.2.3 Accuracy of the 20-Call Test 284
9.2.4 A Simplified Three-of-Three Method 285
9.3 Relating Field Strength to Received Power 286
9.3.1 Pattern Gain Averaging 287
9.3.2 Averaging Methods for Mobile Phone Testing 289
9.4 Test Site Field-Strength Calibration 290
9.5 Reliability and Repeatability of Sensitivity Measurements 291
9.5.1 Repeatability of Sensitivity Measurements 292
9.5.2 Variations in the Calibration Factor Due to Ground
Parameters 293
9.5.3 Field-Strength Variations with Height 293
9.5.4 Accuracy of the Calibration Gain Standards 294
9.5.5 Intercomparison of Receiver-Sensitivity Test Sites 295
9.5.6 Test Range Error Uncertainties 297
Contents xiii
9.6 EMC and EMI Test Chamber 300
9.7 Transmitter Test Sites 301
9.8 Effect of the Human Body 302
9.8.1 Fields External to the Body 302
9.8.2 Biological Aspects 303
9.9 RF Exposure Standards 305
9.9.1 Radiated RF Exposure Guidelines and Regulations 306
9.9.2 Compliance with RF Exposure Standards 309
9.10 Influence of Ground on Yagi Antenna Patterns 313
9.11 Summary 316
Problems 316
References 319
10 Simulated Human Body Devices 323
10.1 Introduction 323
10.2 Field-Strength Sensitivities of Body-Worn Receivers 324
10.2.1 Population Sample for Measurements 325
10.2.2 Design of the Measurement Experiment 326
10.2.3 Receiver-Sensitivity Measurement Results 327
10.3 Analysis of Phantom Simulated Human Body Devices 330
10.3.1 Saline Water 331
10.3.2 SALTY and SALTY-LITE Human Body Devices 334
10.3.3 Lossy Wire Antenna Model of Simulated Body Devices 334
10.3.4 Infinite Cylinder Model of Simulated Body Devices
for Vertical Polarization 337
10.3.5 Infinite Cylinder Model of Simulated Body Devices
for Horizontal Polarization 340
10.4 Magnetic Fields Around Simulated Body Devices 341
10.4.1 Temperature Dependence of Simulated Body Devices 341
10.4.2 Measured and Computed Fields near the Simulated
Body Devices 342
10.4.3 Body Enhancement in Body-Worn Receivers 344
10.5 Anthropomorphic Simulated Head 345
xiv Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications
10.6 Summary 346
Problems 347
References 348
11 Loops, Dipoles, and Patch Antennas 351
11.1 Introduction 351
11.2 A Look at Quality Factor Q 351
11.2.1 Definition of Q 352
11.2.2 Values of Q 354
11.3 Primer on Fundamental Limitations in Small Antenna 355
11.3.1 Fields of Radiating Structures 355
11.3.2 Modal Impedances of Free Space Modes 355
11.3.3 Quality Factors Q
n
of Free Space Modes 357
11.3.4 Small Antenna Bandwidth Limitations 359
11.3.5 Superdirectivity in Small Antennas 360
11.4 Antennas for Personal Communications 361
11.4.1 Loops and Their Characteristics 361
11.4.2 Gap-Fed Loop 364
11.4.3 Near Fields of an Elementary Loop 365
11.4.4 Dipoles and Their Characteristics 366
11.4.5 Near Fields of Dipoles 367
11.4.6 A Ferrite-Loaded Loop Antenna 369
11.5 Transmission Line Antennas 370
11.5.1 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas 371
11.5.2 Circular Microstrip Patch Antennas 375
11.6 Practical Considerations in Small Antennas 378
11.6.1 Helix-Radio Dipole 379
11.6.2 Mutual Coupling of a Dipole with a Radio Case 381
11.7 UWB Antennas 384
11.7.1 Radiation of Short Pulses 384
11.7.2 Far-Field of an Arbitrary UWB Antenna 386
11.7.3 Receiving UWB Signals 388
11.8 A Simple UWB Antenna 390
11.9 Summary 392
Contents xv
Problems 394
References 397
12 Radio Communications System Designs 401
12.1 Introduction 401
12.2 Noise 402
12.2.1 Thermal Noise 402
12.2.2 Noise and Noise Temperature in the Radio Spectrum 403
12.2.3 Noise Asymmetry in Two-Way and Mobile Systems 406
12.3 Designing a Messaging System Downlink 406
12.3.1 Fixed-Site Antenna Radiation Patterns 407
12.3.2 Applying the Statistical Description of Waves 409
12.3.3 Link Margins for Specified Performance 410
12.3.4 Simulcast Differential Delay 413
12.4 Designing Two-Way Systems 416
12.4.1 Two-Way Paging System 416
12.4.2 Mobile/Cellular System 417
12.5 Indoor Systems 418
12.5.1 Wireless Local-Area Networks 418
12.5.2 Wireless Personal-Area Networks 419
12.6 System Coverage 419
12.6.1 Coverage Probability over an Area 421
12.6.2 Proving Measurements 422
12.7 Summary 424
Problems 424
References 427
Appendix A: FORTRAN Programs: The Near Field of
Dipoles and Helices 429
References 431
Appendix B: FORTRAN Code: The Near Field of Loops 433
References 435
Appendix C: Digital Communications Codes and
Character Sets 437
xvi Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications
Morse Code 437
Digital Paging Codes 438
Appendix D: HF Propagation Models 443
VOACAP, ICEPAC, REC533 444
HamCAP 444
About the Authors 447
List of Symbols 449
Vector quantities 452
Index 455
Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications.part1
共3个部分
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[ 本帖最后由 drjiachen 于 2008-11-12 23:36 编辑 ]
Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications.part3
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Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications.part2
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Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications: Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications.part1.rar
