Integrated Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Systems: Integrated Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Systems.rar

Integrated Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Systems
By Andrea Leonardo Lacaita, Salvatore Levantino, Carlo Samori

Publisher:   Cambridge University Press
Number Of Pages:   239
Publication Date:   2007-07-16
ISBN-10 / ASIN:   0521863155
ISBN-13 / EAN:   9780521863155
Binding:   Hardcover

The increasingly demanding performance requirements of communications systems, as well as problems posed by the continued scaling of silicon technology, present numerous challenges for the design of frequency synthesizers in modern transceivers. This book contains everything you need to know for the efficient design of frequency synthesizers for today's communications applications. If you need to optimize performance and minimize design time, you will find this book invaluable. Using an intuitive yet rigorous approach, the authors describe simple analytical methods for the design of phase locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers using scaled silicon CMOS and bipolar technologies. The entire design process, from system-level specification to layout, is covered comprehensively. Practical design examples are included, and implementation issues are addressed. A key problem-solving resource for practitioners in IC design, the book will also be of interest to researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering.

Contents

Preface page vii
Acknowledgments viii
1 Local oscillator requirements 1
1.1 AM and PM signals 2
1.2 Effect of phase noise and spurs 6
1.3 Frequency accuracy 9
1.4 Switching speed 12
1.5 References 12
2 Phase-locked loops 14
2.1 Basics 14
2.2 PLL for frequency synthesis 23
2.3 Discrete-time and non-linearity effects 32
2.4 Spectral purity: spurs and phase noise 38
2.5 References 47
3 Fractional-N PLLs 49
3.1 Beyond the integer-N approach 49
3.2 Fractional-N division 50
3.3
 control of division factor 58
3.4
 fractional-N PLL 65
3.5 References 72
4 Electronic oscillators 74
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Principles of LC oscillators 74
4.3 Single-transistor oscillators 82
4.4 Differential oscillators 91
4.5 References 101
5 Noise in oscillators 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Linear and time-invariant model 103
5.3 Noise–power trade-off and scaling issues 105
v
vi Contents
5.4 Time-variant models 108
5.5 Application to some practical cases 116
5.6 Additional issues in low-phase-noise design 131
5.7 References 131
6 Reactive components in oscillators 133
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Integrated inductors 133
6.3 Inductor topologies 141
6.4 Integrated varactors 146
6.5 Switched tuning 153
6.6 References 155
7 Noise up-conversion in VCOs 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 Tuning curve and sensitivity coefficients 157
7.3 Noise up-conversion from varactors 161
7.4 Topologies and methods to minimize for up-conversion 166
7.5 Other mechanisms of noise up-conversion 175
7.6 References 180
8 Frequency division 182
8.1 Introduction 182
8.2 Digital frequency dividers 182
8.3 Programmable dividers 188
8.4 Dual-modulus prescalers 193
8.5 Circuit implementation 198
8.6 Noise in digital dividers 204
8.7 References 209
9 Phase comparison 211
9.1 Introduction 211
9.2 Phase comparison path 211
9.3 Phase/frequency detectors 214
9.4 Charge pump 224
9.5 Phase-detection noise 229
9.6 References 234
Index 236

Integrated Frequency Synthesizers for Wireless Systems

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