GSM网优教程V3.0:
我已将V2.0做成了免费版,这个V3.0是要收取一定费用的,若是需要免费的朋友请去下载V2.0版吧,V3.0版主要是把V2.0版中的一些错误和谬误之处进行了修正。
目录
第一部分 GSM网络基础.............................................................................................1
第1 章 GSM系统原理...........................................................................................2
1.1 蜂窝系统概念.............................................................................................2
1.1.1蜂窝小区................................................................................................2
1.1.2频率复用方式........................................................................................3
1.1.3载干比....................................................................................................4
1.2 GSM 频率配置...........................................................................................5
1.3 GSM 通信系统组成...................................................................................6
1.3.1系统的组成............................................................................................6
1.3.2交换网路子系统....................................................................................7
1.3.3无线基站子系统....................................................................................8
1.3.4移动台....................................................................................................8
1.3.5 GSM 网络区域概念..............................................................................9
1.4 GSM 空中接口技术...................................................................................9
1.4.1时分多址技术(TDMA) ......................................................................9
1.4.2时分多址(TDMA)帧结构..................................................................10
1.4.3突发脉冲序列(Burst) .......................................................................12
1.4.4逻辑信道..............................................................................................14
1.5 逻辑信道到物理信道的映射...................................................................18
1.5.1小区信道配置......................................................................................18
1.5.2控制信道的映射..................................................................................18
1.5.3业务信道的映射..................................................................................22
1.5.4 SCH 测量.............................................................................................23
1.5.5常用基站信道配置..............................................................................23
1.6 话音编码...................................................................................................24
1.7 信道编码...................................................................................................25
1.7.1信道编码原理......................................................................................25
1.7.2话音信道编码......................................................................................27
1.7.3控制信道编码......................................................................................28
1.8 交织技术...................................................................................................29
1.8.1交织技术的一般原理..........................................................................29
1.8.2 GSM 系统中交织方式........................................................................30
1.9 时间色散与均衡.......................................................................................33
1.10 GMSK 调制﹡........................................................................................35
1.11 时间提前量.............................................................................................36
1.12 不连续发射和非连续接收.....................................................................38
1.12.1不连续发射(DTX)...........................................................................38
1.12.2非连续接收(DRX)与寻呼组...........................................................39
1.13 功率控制.................................................................................................40
1.14 跳频技术.................................................................................................42
1.14.1跳频分类............................................................................................42
1.14.2跳频算法............................................................................................43
1.15 编号计划.................................................................................................47
1.16 保密措施.................................................................................................50
1.16.1提供三参数组....................................................................................50
1.16.2鉴权....................................................................................................51
1.16.3加密....................................................................................................54
1.16.4设备识别............................................................................................55
1.16.5临时识别码(TMSI) ........................................................................56
1.16.6 PIN 码................................................................................................57
第2 章 GSM接口协议........................................................................................58
2.1 GSM 系统接口与协议.............................................................................58
2.1.1 GSM 系统接口....................................................................................58
2.1.2 GSM 功能分层结构............................................................................60
2.1.3 GSM 系统主要接口协议....................................................................61
2.2 GSM 接口协议特点.................................................................................64
2.3 GSM 空中接口物理层.............................................................................64
2.4 GSM 空中接口链路层.............................................................................66
2.5 GSM 空中接口网络层.............................................................................70
2.6 其它接口GSM 专用协议........................................................................75
2.7 LAPD 协议...............................................................................................78
第3 章 GSM通信流程.........................................................................................81
3.1 MS 状态...................................................................................................81
3.2 网络选择...................................................................................................82
3.3 小区选择...................................................................................................83
3.3.1小区选择标准......................................................................................84
3.3.2小区选择流程......................................................................................84
3.3.3小区选择参数C1 ................................................................................86
3.3.4小区接入控制......................................................................................86
3.4 小区重选...................................................................................................87
3.5 位置更新...................................................................................................89
3.5.1 LA(位置区) .......................................................................................89
3.5.2正常位置更新......................................................................................90
3.5.3 IMSI Attach/Detach(附着/分离)........................................................92
3.5.4周期性位置更新..................................................................................94
3.6 初始化.......................................................................................................95
3.7 MS 主叫....................................................................................................96
3.7.1手机主叫信令流程..............................................................................97
3.7.2几点说明............................................................................................104
3.8 寻呼(Paging)..........................................................................................105
3.9 MS 被叫..................................................................................................106
3.9.1被叫寻找过程....................................................................................107
3.9.2被叫接续过程...................................................................................108
3.10 切换.......................................................................................................110
3.10.1切换流程.........................................................................................110
3.10.2小区内切换..................................................................................... 111
3.10.3 BSC 内切换.................................................................................... 111
3.10.4相同MSC 不同BSC 间的切换..................................................113
3.10.5不同MSC 间切换...........................................................................114
3.11 LOCATING(定位)...............................................................................116
3.11.1测量和报告处理..............................................................................117
3.11.2测量报告的时间评估......................................................................118
3.11.3紧急情况分析..................................................................................118
3.11.4惩罚处理..........................................................................................119
3.11.5 Locating 排队...................................................................................120
3.11.6内切换评价......................................................................................123
3.11.7产生切换候选小区排队清单..........................................................123
3.12 释放.......................................................................................................123
3.13 系统消息...............................................................................................125
3.13.1系统消息1........................................................................................127
3.13.2系统消息2........................................................................................128
3.13.3系统消息3........................................................................................128
3.13.4系统消息4........................................................................................128
3.13.5系统消息5........................................................................................128
3.13.6系统消息6........................................................................................129
3.13.7系统消息7/8.....................................................................................129
3.14 短消息流程...........................................................................................129
3.14.1发送短消息......................................................................................129
3.14.2接收短消息......................................................................................130
3.15 呼叫异常流程.......................................................................................131
第4 章 GSM信令基础.......................................................................................137
4.1 NO.7 信令系统概述...............................................................................137
4.1.1共路信令的概念和特点....................................................................137
4.1.2 CCS7 信令网.....................................................................................138
4.2 七号信令系统的功能级结构.................................................................139
4.2.1功能级结构原理................................................................................139
4.2.2七号信令系统的功能级结构............................................................140
4.2.3七号信令信号单元格式....................................................................141
4.3 消息传递部分(MTP).............................................................................144
4.3.1信令数据链路....................................................................................144
4.3.2信令链路功能....................................................................................145
4.3.3信令网功能........................................................................................146
4.4 信令连接控制部分(SCCP) .................................................................147
4.4.1概述....................................................................................................147
4.4.2 SCCP 的特点和功能.........................................................................148
4.4.3 SCCP 的寻址选路功能.....................................................................151
4.4.4 SCCP 消息格式简介.........................................................................152
4.5 事务能力应用部分(TCAP)...................................................................157
4.5.1概述....................................................................................................157
4.5.2 TCAP 的基本结构.............................................................................158
4.5.3 TCAP 消息结构简介.........................................................................159
4.6 移动应用部分(MAP) ..........................................................................159
4.6.1概述....................................................................................................159
4.6.2 MAP 消息..........................................................................................160
4.7 电话用户部分(TUP) ...........................................................................161
4.7.1 TUP 概述及基本特点.......................................................................161
4.7.2 TUP 消息格式和编码.......................................................................162
4.7.3 TUP 主要消息举例...........................................................................163
4.7.4 TUP 在MSC 中的特点.....................................................................169
4.7.5基本呼叫的信令程序........................................................................170
第5 章 无线传播理论........................................................................................175
5.1 无线传播环境.........................................................................................175
5.1.1传播环境............................................................................................175
5.1.2自由空间传播损耗............................................................................176
5.1.3移动环境电波传播特点总结............................................................177
5.2 多径衰落.................................................................................................179
5.2.1多径衰落特性....................................................................................179
5.2.2小尺度衰落信道分类........................................................................180
5.2.3多普勒频移........................................................................................180
5.2.4多径时延参数....................................................................................181
5.3 分集.........................................................................................................182
5.4 功率(链路)预算.....................................................................................183
5.5 无线传播模型.........................................................................................185
5.5.1 Okumura-Hata 模型........................................................................186
5.5.2 COST-231 模型...............................................................................189
5.5.3 COST-231-Walfish-Ikegami 模型.............................................190
5.6 室内传播模式.........................................................................................193
5.7 各类损耗的确定.....................................................................................194
5.8 传播模型的修正.....................................................................................195
第6 章 天馈线系统............................................................................................197
6.1 天线的基本概念.....................................................................................197
6.1.1天线的分类........................................................................................197
6.1.2天线的性能参数................................................................................197
6.1.3天线增益的近似计算........................................................................200
6.2 移动通信系统天线安装规范.................................................................201
6.2.1天线安装环境....................................................................................201
6.2.2 GSM 系统中天线隔离度..................................................................202
6.2.3天线安装间距....................................................................................202
6.2.4 CDMA 对GSM 基站干扰和天线隔离度........................................204
6.2.5天线参数调整....................................................................................205
6.3 天线的选用.............................................................................................206
6.3.1城区基站天线选用原则....................................................................206
6.3.2郊区基站天线选用原则....................................................................207
6.3.3乡村基站天线选用原则....................................................................207
6.3.4铁路和公路沿线天线选用原则........................................................207
6.3.5天线选用参考....................................................................................208
6.4 馈线系统.................................................................................................208
6.4.1合分路单元(CDU) ........................................................................208
6.4.2塔顶放大器........................................................................................209
6.4.3馈线....................................................................................................210
第二部分 GSM网络规划.........................................................................................211
第7 章 网络规划概述........................................................................................212
7.1 网络规划设计概述.................................................................................212
7.1.1规划设计目的....................................................................................212
7.1.2 GSM 网络规划概述..........................................................................212
7.1.3 GSM 网络规划设计步骤..................................................................215
7.2 规划设计依据.........................................................................................217
7.2.1覆盖容量目标....................................................................................217
7.2.2网络性能指标....................................................................................217
7.3 站址选择与勘察.....................................................................................218
7.3.1站址设计............................................................................................218
7.3.2无线环境勘测....................................................................................220
7.3.3时间色散............................................................................................220
7.4 网络规划流程.........................................................................................221
第8 章 话务理论与小区规划............................................................................224
8.1 话务量理论.............................................................................................224
8.1.1话务量和话务流量............................................................................224
8.1.2呼损率................................................................................................224
8.1.3爱尔兰公式........................................................................................224
8.2 基站容量规划.........................................................................................228
8.2.1话务量规划........................................................................................228
8.2.2话音信道分配....................................................................................229
8.2.3控制信道分配....................................................................................230
8.3 位置区设计.............................................................................................233
8.3.1位置区的定义....................................................................................233
8.3.2位置区划分........................................................................................234
8.3.3位置区计算........................................................................................234
8.3.4其它....................................................................................................235
第9 章 GSM网络规划.......................................................................................236
9.1 小区基站参数设计.................................................................................236
9.2 链路平衡和系统覆盖.............................................................................237
9.2.1上下行平衡........................................................................................237
9.2.2小区覆盖估算....................................................................................239
9.3 双频网规划.............................................................................................240
9.3.1组建双频网的必要性........................................................................240
9.3.2 GSM1800 的传播特性和覆盖方案..................................................240
9.4 室内分布系统.........................................................................................244
9.4.1室内分布系统建设原则....................................................................244
9.4.2工程勘测原则....................................................................................245
9.4.3室内分布系统工程设计规范............................................................246
9.4.4室内传播模型....................................................................................248
9.4.5室内分布系统设计............................................................................249
9.4.6室内分布系统天线选用....................................................................250
9.4.7频率规划............................................................................................251
9.4.8话务控制............................................................................................252
9.5 直放站规划.............................................................................................252
9.5.1直放站概述........................................................................................252
9.5.2直放站的技术要求............................................................................254
9.5.3直放站与基站的比较........................................................................255
9.5.4 GSM 直放站分类..............................................................................256
9.5.5直放站工程设计与调测....................................................................259
9.5.6直放站的输出功率控制....................................................................265
9.5.7直放站背景噪声的影响....................................................................265
9.5.8直放站的选型与安装........................................................................266
9.5.9 GSM 光纤直放站.............................................................................269
第10 章 频率规划①..........................................................................................274
10.1 蜂窝结构的形成规则...........................................................................274
10.2 干扰模型..............................................................................................275
10.3 分组频率复用技术...............................................................................279
10.4 多重频率复用MRP .............................................................................282
10.5 同心圆(Concentric Cell)技术..............................................................285
10.6 小区分裂与频率规划...........................................................................288
第11 章 GSM参数设计② ...............................................................................290
11.1 前言.......................................................................................................290
11.2 公共数据...............................................................................................291
11.2.1小区全球识别码(CGI) .................................................................291
11.2.2基站识别码(BSIC) .......................................................................292
11.2.3 BCCH 载频发射功率(BSPWRB) ................................................294
11.2.4 BCCH 载波频率(BCCHNO).........................................................294
11.2.5 MS 最大发射功率(MSTXPWR)...................................................295
11.2.6帧偏置(FNOFFSET) ....................................................................296
11.2.7 BCCH 组合类型(BCCHTYPE) ...................................................297
11.2.8 SDCCH/8 信道数(SDCCH) .........................................................297
11.2.9小区广播信道(CBCH) ................................................................298
11.3 寻呼参数...............................................................................................299
11.3.1接入允许保留块数(AGBLK) ......................................................299
11.3.2寻呼复帧数(MFRMS)....................................................................300
11.3.3公共控制信道配置(CCCH_CONF)..............................................302
11.4 空闲模式...............................................................................................303
11.4.1最小接入电平(ACCMIN) ............................................................303
11.4.2控制信道最大发射功率(CCHPWR) ...........................................305
11.4.3小区重选滞后(CRH)......................................................................306
11.4.4允许的网络色码(NCCPERM) .....................................................307
11.4.5 BCCH 系统消息开关(SIMSG 和MSGDIST)..............................308
11.4.6小区接入禁止(CB).........................................................................309
11.4.7小区禁止限制(CBQ)......................................................................310
11.4.8接入控制等级(ACC)......................................................................311
11.4.9最大重发次数(MAXRET) ...........................................................313
11.4.10发送分布时隙数(TX)...................................................................314
11.4.11 IMSI 结合分离允许(ATT) .........................................................316
11.4.12周期位置更新定时器(T3212).....................................................317
11.4.13小区重选参数指示(PI)................................................................318
11.4.14小区重选偏置(CRO)、临时偏置(TO)和惩罚时间(PT) ......318
11.5 位置.......................................................................................................321
11.5.1算法类型(EVALTYPE) ...............................................................321
11.5.2上行无线链路超时(RLINKUP).....................................................321
11.5.3下行无线链路超时(RLINKT) .....................................................322
11.6 信道管理/TCH 上的立即指配............................................................323
11.6.1新建原因指示(NECI).....................................................................323
11.7 动态功率控制.......................................................................................324
11.7.1 MS 动态功率控制状态(DMPSTATE) ........................................324
11.7.2 BTS 动态功率控制状态(DBPSTATE) .......................................325
11.8 不连续发射...........................................................................................325
11.8.1下行不连续发射(DTXD)...............................................................325
11.8.2上行不连续发射(DTXU)...............................................................326
11.9 跳频.......................................................................................................326
11.9.1跳频状态(HOP) ............................................................................326
11.9.2跳频序列号(HSN) ........................................................................327
11.10 小区内切换.........................................................................................328
11.10.1小区内切换开关(IHO).................................................................328
11.11 指配到其它小区.................................................................................329
11.11.1指配其它小区允许(ASSOC) .....................................................329
11.12 双BA 表.............................................................................................330
11.12.1 BCCH 频率表(MBCCHNO) ......................................................330
11.12.2频率表类型(LISTTTYPE) .........................................................331
11.13 空闲信道测量.....................................................................................332
11.13.1空闲信道测量状态(ICMSTATE)................................................332
11.13.2信道分配开关(NOALLOC) .......................................................333
11.13.3空闲信道干扰电平平均周期(INTAVE) ...................................334
11.13.4干扰带边界(LIMITn)...................................................................334
11.14 多频段操作.........................................................................................335
11.14.1多频段指示(MBCR) ..................................................................335
11.14.2 CLASSMARK 早送控制(ECSC)................................................337
11.15 小区参数表.........................................................................................338
第三部分 GSM网络优化.........................................................................................344
第12 章 GSM 干扰分析...................................................................................345
12.1 前言.......................................................................................................345
12.2 干扰的定位和排查步骤.......................................................................346
12.3 内部干扰...............................................................................................348
12.3.1内部产生的干扰..............................................................................348
12.3.2内部干扰的解决方法......................................................................349
12.3.3内部干扰案例分析..........................................................................350
12.4 外部干扰...............................................................................................351
12.4.1外部产生的干扰..............................................................................351
12.4.2外部干扰案例分析..........................................................................352
12.5 互调干扰...............................................................................................355
12.5.1互调产生的干扰..............................................................................355
12.5.2互调干扰的解决方案......................................................................356
第13 章 GSM900/1800 双频网优化................................................................358
13.1 概述.......................................................................................................358
13.2 小区规划...............................................................................................359
13.3 参数规划...............................................................................................360
13.3.1小区选择参数..................................................................................361
13.3.2小区重选参数..................................................................................363
13.3.3小区切换参数..................................................................................364
13.4 双频网优化案例...................................................................................366
第14 章 话务统计..............................................................................................368
14.1 话务统计简介.......................................................................................368
14.2 常用网络指标说明...............................................................................368
14.2.1 MSC 统计........................................................................................368
14.2.2 BSC 统计.........................................................................................374
14.3 网络运行指标.......................................................................................382
14.4 话务统计指标分析...............................................................................383
14.4.1整体分析思路..................................................................................383
14.4.2掉话率高的分析..............................................................................383
14.4.3 TCH 拥塞率高的分析.....................................................................385
14.4.4 SDCCH 拥塞率高的分析................................................................387
14.4.5切换成功率低的分析......................................................................389
第15 章 GSM 网络优化专题...........................................................................393
15.1 降低掉话...............................................................................................393
15.1.1掉话原因..........................................................................................393
15.1.2掉话解决方法..................................................................................394
15.2 GSM 小区话务优化调整.....................................................................398
15.2.1硬件调整..........................................................................................399
15.2.2软件参数调整..................................................................................400
15.3 单通和串音...........................................................................................403
15.4 接通率优化...........................................................................................404
15.4.1接通率分析......................................................................................404
15.4.2提高接通率......................................................................................406
15.4.3长途来话接通率..............................................................................408
15.5 干扰分析.........................................................................................409
15.5.1干扰的分类..................................................................................409
15.5.2干扰产生的原因..............................................................................410
15.5.3干扰的分析及解决..........................................................................411
15.6 网络优化中的常见问题及解决方法......................................411
15.6.1覆盖问题..........................................................................................412
15.6.2居民生活小区优化..........................................................................413
15.6.3农郊网络优化..................................................................................416
15.7 GSM 网络优化建议............................................... ..........422
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本帖最后由 gongke1979 于 2008-9-9 09:09 AM 编辑 ]
:11bb :11bb :11bb谢谢那些为抗震救灾做出贡献的兄弟们
[ 本帖最后由 gongke1979 于 2008-6-24 09:42 AM 编辑 ]
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ص
[ 本帖最后由 gongke1979 于 2009-1-23 09:25 编辑 ]
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本帖最后由 gongke1979 于 2008-5-26 03:09 PM 编辑 ]
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[ 本帖最后由 gongke1979 于 2008-5-26 03:12 PM 编辑 ]
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[ 本帖最后由 gongke1979 于 2009-1-23 09:25 编辑 ]
觉得lz是个传奇人物啊
简短介绍一下把
呵呵
偶也想知道,呵呵
:9de :19de 才疏学浅,大家相互学习,相互交流,互相进步
20金币太少了,建议加到200金币,呵呵~,不知斑斑意下如何~~,呵呵
下载学习下:cosmo
200金币啊,这么多啊,那先试试
20金币确实少啊
呵呵
好东西,当然要有好的价格
正需要这方面的资料学习啊!:11bb :27bb :29bb :30bb :31bb
传说中的猪猪终于出现了
我能评分的上限就是150金币了,深深为楼主对爷爷的爱和对微网的爱感动.
向楼主致敬!!!!!!
:lol
:、看过v1.1版本的使我受益匪浅,真的好想看到更新版的
非常棒,:11bb
就差100金币了
很想了解这类知识 一定要好好学学了
对楼主这种致以崇高的敬意!谢谢!!
好东西~正想拓展知识面,多谢微网
正需要,谢谢!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
为什么我看不见资料?????????????
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原帖由 gongke1979 于 2008-4-7 11:05 AM 发表
:11bb :11bb :11bb谢谢那些为抗震救灾做出贡献的兄弟们**** 本内容被作者隐藏 *****
免费的为什么要限定条件
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为什么我看不见,积分怎么增加?????????
为什么我看不见,积分怎么增加?????????
积分可以用金币买吗????????????
为什么我看不见,积分怎么增加?????????
11111111111111111
希望有一天写V4.0的是我!哈哈!
精品文章要常常顶起来
多谢楼主啊,给四川地震受灾的百姓造福了。
多谢楼主啊,
路過而已,給樓主加油,也可為自己賺積分,一舉兩得,何樂而不為呢!!
感觉还是不错的资料,非常感谢哦感觉还是不错的资料,非常感谢哦
:30bb
需要这么多金币啊
已经免费下载了
正需要这方面的资料学习啊! :27bb :29bb
汶川加油,中国加油
支持汶川,力挺中国
非常的不错。。。顶顶。:9de
回复了也乍不到啊,是怎么回事了。
呵呵,很不错的东东,大家都来支持一下
真是好东西啊..谢谢这位仁兄啊................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
谢谢...........................................................................................................................................................................
非常感激............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................:8de
非常感谢.........................................................................................................
看了目录感觉这个教程很全面,很想对GSM有个全面的了解,如果有3G/4G的就更好了
什么东西啊。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
看看:11bb :27bb :29bb :30bb :30bb
我想看看!~~~~~~~~
我想看看!
先顶后看这是美德!!!!!!!!!!
谢谢楼主分享好的东西!谢谢楼主分享好的东西!
强烈抗议,太贵了!:cacakiki16de
为了将来,好好学习
学学呀 谢谢,好东西。。。。
我回复一下,想下载啊!!!!!!!
好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好好
:9de
:15de
:15bb
好,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,。。。。。。
不错!
好资料一起分享阿!
谢谢
好资料阿!
不错啊!
:12bb
太好了
好资料啊
:11bb
感謝大大
正需要此珍貴的資料
:11bb
haohaohaohao~~~~~~~
幸好我的钱还够多,买来好好看看:16bb
:11bb :27bb :29bb :30bb :31bb :9de
:11bb :27bb :29bb :30bb :31bb 想看完整版,顶一下
大大改天也出一份WCDMA的總集合大全吧
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我也来支持一下!刚刚忘记下载第二部分拉
看帖回帖是一种美德,您的回帖是对楼主最大的支持
可惜没有钱,可叹哪可叹
very good!thank you!
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no money no money no money no money no money no money no money no money
好东西啊 在3G上马的今天 特别如此!!!
支持楼主,楼主辛苦了,谢谢分享!!
果然好贵,还好我不用看GSM:happy
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非常感谢楼主的分享!!!!!!!!!
我有金币吗?好像没有哦:30bb :30bb :30bb
2捧捧场
捧捧场
捧捧场
怎么这么快啊!!!!,看看怎么样
希望对我有用吧,先下来看看吧
不知对我有用吗?先下来看看吧
很想了解这类知识 一定要好好学学了
资料很好,刚要这方面的学习资料!!
很好的资料,可以学习一下!!
:27bb 下来学习下,谢谢楼主
thank you very much
成天和GSM打交道,但还不了解GSM,下下来学习一下
下在下来看看我能做那些工作:11bb
好,谢谢分享!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
楼主是做移动网友的吗!!!!!!!!!
很好的资料,可以学习一下!!:11bb
我要看 我要看!:29bb:30bb:17de
本帖最后由 huangfeihong88 于 2009-11-3 21:10 编辑
学习学习啊。
楼主辛苦了,感觉做的非常认真,:27bb
谢谢斑竹辛苦努力!!!
这么好的贴怎能不支持一下
本帖最后由 huangfeihong88 于 2009-11-3 21:10 编辑
正需要这方面的资料学习啊
好东东,:27bb :27bb :27bb
看着书名很吸引人,下回来看看:30bb
楼主又有新发现!:27bb :30bb
楼主辛苦了!:30bb :27bb
:27bb :27bb :27bb
下来看看,学习学习呵呵楼主辛苦了。
需要学习,谢谢楼主!:30bb :31bb
不错,就是穷了点,努力,谢谢楼主精品
需要的好东西!谢谢!正需要这方面的资料学习啊!
3.0打开时提示:该文档被某些不支持的安全处理器加密?压缩包中其它两个文档能打开
贵是贵了点,值得的,好东西。
我的300金币啊!我每天领30金币,要领10天才能够本。5555
好贵呀:17de
谢谢慷慨的楼主啊!
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值了 {:6_927:}
谢谢了,大家好
{:7_1235:}
楼主牛人啊,能联系一下不
灰常感谢楼主的深情分享。
想看看。呵呵。多谢分享
好东东。多谢分享
看看
谢谢楼主的分享
很好
偶也想知道,呵呵
下来学习