Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar Scattering, Recognition
【资料成文时间】： 2002
【语言】：英语
【页数】： 315
【何人（公司）所著】： Yakov D. Shirman
【文件格式】： pdf
【文件原名】： Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar Scattering, Recognition, Detection, and Tracking
【摘要或目录】：
Contents
Preface xv
References xvii
1 Foundations of Scattering Simulation on Centimeter and Decimeter Waves 1
1.1 Target Scattering 1
1.1.1 Scattering Phenomenon and Its Main Radar Characteristics 2
1.1.2 Doppler Transform for Signals of Arbitrary Bandwidth-Duration Product 6
1.2 Analog Methods of Scattering Simulation 8
1.3 Computer Methods of Scattering Simulation 9
1.3.1 Simplest Component and Other Methods of Target Surface Description and Calculation of Scattering 9
1.3.2 Coordinate Systems and Coordinate Transforms Neglecting Earth’s Curvature 10
1.3.3 Coordinate Systems and Coordinate Transforms Accounting for Earth’s Curvature 14
v
vi Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar
1.3.4 Peculiarities of the Simplest Component Method Employment 16
1.3.5 General Equations of Scattering for the Far-Field Zone and Arbitrary Signal Bandwidth-Duration Product 18
1.3.6 Use of the Simplest Components’ Initial Data 20
1.3.7 Application Limits of the Simplest Component Simulation Method 36
1.4 Peculiarities of the Target Motion Simulation 37
1.4.1 Deterministic Target Motion Description in Accounting for Earth’s Curvature 37
1.4.2 Statistical Properties of Atmosphere and Dynamics of Target-Atmosphere Interaction 39
1.5 Peculiarities of Simulation of Fast Rotating Elements 42
1.5.1 Essence of Rotational Modulation of Scattered Signals 42
1.5.2 Simulation of JEM Neglecting Shadowing Effects 48
1.5.3 JEM Simulation, Taking into Account the Shadowing Effect and Related Topics 52
1.5.4 Simulation of PRM 53
1.5.5 Comparison of Different Approximations of the Blades in JEM and PRM Simulation 55
1.6 Radar Quality Indices to Be Simulated 56
1.6.1 Quality Indices of Recognition 56
1.6.2 Quality Indices of Detection and Tracking 60
1.6.3 Choice of Quality Indices 60
References 60
2 Review and Simulation of Recognition Features (Signatures) for Wideband Illumination 63
2.1 Definitions and Simulated Signatures for Wideband Signal 63
vii Contents
2.2 Simulation of Target Range Profiles and RCSs for Wideband Chirp Illumination 64
2.2.1 Simulation Methods for the Chirp Illumination 64
2.2.2 Variants of Signatures on the Basis of Range Profiles 66
2.2.3 Simulation of the Target RPs 69
2.2.4 Simulation of the Target RCS for Wideband Illumination 74
2.2.5 Comparison of Simulated and Experimental Data 75
2.3 Range-Polarization and Range-Frequency Signatures Simulation for the Chirp Illumination 80
2.3.1 Range-Polarization Signatures and Their Simulation 80
2.3.2 Range-Frequency Signatures and Their Simulation 85
2.4 Target Range Profiles for Wideband SF Illumination 87
2.4.1 Ambiguity Functions of SF Signals with Moderate Bandwidth-Duration Products 88
2.4.2 Ambiguity Functions of Separated SF Signal with Very Large Bandwidth-Duration Product 91
2.4.3 Matched Processing of Separated SF Signal with Very Large Bandwidth-Duration Product 92
2.4.4 Simulated and Experimental RPs for Separated SF Illumination 95
2.5 Target’s 2D Images 100
2.5.1 Models of Backscattered Signal and Processing Variants for ISAR 100
2.5.2 ISAR Processing on the Basis of Reference Target Elements 101
2.5.3 ISAR Processing on the Basis of the WV Transform 103
viii Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar 2.5.4 Examples of 2D Image Simulation 105
References 109
3 Review and Simulation of Recognition Features (Signatures) for Narrowband Illumination 111
3.1 Signal Signatures Used in Narrowband Illumination 111
3.2 RCS and Other Parameters of PSM 112
3.2.1 RCS in Narrowband Illumination and Its Simulation 112
3.2.2 Other Parameters of the Polarization Scattering Matrix and Their Simulation 114
3.3 Rotational Modulation Spectra 117
3.3.1 Rotational Modulation Spectra of Various Targets 118
3.3.2 Rotational Modulation Spectra for Various Wavelengths 119
3.3.3 Rotational Modulation Spectra for Various Aspects of a Target 119
3.3.4 Rotational Modulation Spectra for Various PRFs and Coherent Integration Times 121
3.3.5 Comparison of Simulated Spectra with Experimental Ones 123
3.4 Correlation Factors of Fluctuations Via Frequency Diversity 124
References 125
4 Review and Simulation of Recognition Algorithms’ Operation 127
4.1 Bayesian Recognition Algorithms and Their Simulation 127
4.1.1 Basic Bayesian Algorithms of Recognition for the Quasi-simple Cost Matrix 128
ix Contents
4.1.2 Additive Bayesian Recognition Algorithms 130
4.1.3 Components of Additive Bayesian Recognition Algorithms Related to the Target Trajectory and RCS 132
4.1.4 Component of Additive Bayesian Recognition Algorithms Related to Correlation Processing of Range Profiles 136
4.1.5 Components of Additive Bayesian Recognition Algorithms Related to Correlation Processing of the RMS and Other Signatures 139
4.1.6 Use of cpdf Instead of Sets of RPs, RMSs, or Other Signatures 140
4.1.7 Simulation of Target Class Recognition Using the Simplest Standard RPs and Other Signatures 142
4.1.8 Simulation of Target Type and Class Recognition Using Individualized Standard RPs and cpdf of RPs 147
4.1.9 Simulation of Target Type and Class Recognition Using Rotational Modulation of a Narrowband Signal 150
4.1.10 Evaluation of Information Measures for Various Recognition Signatures and Their Combinations 152
4.2 Nonparametric Recognition Algorithms 154
4.2.1 Recognition Algorithms of Distance Evaluation 154
4.2.2 Recognition Voting Algorithms 156
4.2.3 Simulation of Nonparametric Recognition Algorithms 157
4.3 Recognition Algorithms Based on the Precursory Data Transform 159
4.3.1 Wavelet Transform and Wavelets 160
4.3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform and Its Use in Recognition 161
x Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar
4.3.3 Simulation of Wavelet Transforms and Evaluation of Their Applicability in Recognition 162
4.4 Neural Recognition Algorithms 164
4.4.1 Structures and Optimization Criterion for ANNs 165
4.4.2 Gradient Algorithms for Training the FANN 169
4.4.3 Simulation of Target Class Recognition Using Neural Algorithm with Gradient Training 171
4.4.4 Simulation of Target Type Recognition Using Neural Algorithm with Gradient Training 174
4.4.5 Some Conclusions from Simulation of Neural Algorithms with Gradient Training 176
4.4.6 Perspectives of Evolutionary (Genetic) Training 177
References 177
5 Peculiarity of Backscattering Simulation and Recognition for Low-Altitude Targets 181
5.1 Ground Clutter Simulation 181
5.1.1 Basic Parameters of Empirical Simulation 182
5.1.2 Calculation of the Clutter Complex Amplitude 184
5.1.3 Use of Digital Terrain Maps in Simulation 186
5.2 Simulation of Distortions of Signal Amplitude and Structure 192
5.2.1 Principles of Simulation of Wave Propagation Above Underlying Surface 192
5.2.2 Approximate Solution of the Scattering Problem at the Earth-Atmosphere Interface 194
5.2.3 Variants of Approximate Solutions of the Scattering Problem 195
5.2.4 Main Factors Contributing to the Wave Propagation Above Underlying Surface 195
xi Contents
5.2.5 The Influence of Surface Reflections on the Amplitude and Structure of Radar Signals 199
5.3 Problem of the Wideband Target Recognition Under Conditions of Signal Distortions 202
5.3.1 Target Class Recognition for the RP Distortions by MTI Only 206
5.3.2 Target Type and Class Recognition for the RP Distortions by Underlying Surface Only 209
References 213
6 Review and Simulation of Signal Detection and Operation of Simplest Algorithms of Target Tracking 215
6.1 Target RCS Fluctuations and Signal Detection with Narrowband Illumination 215
6.1.1 Background, Details, and Statement of the Problem 216
6.1.2 Variants of Simulation of Signal Detection on the Noise Background 218
6.1.3 The Simulated RCS pdf and Comparison with Its A Priori pdf 219
6.2 Coordinate and Doppler Glint in the Narrowband Illumination 220
6.2.1 The Extended Target Concept and Basic Equations of Target Glint 221
6.2.2 Examples of the Theoretical Analysis of Glint for Two-Element Target Model 225
6.2.3 Possible Simplification of Angular Glint Simulation for Real Targets and Optimal Radar 230
6.2.4 Simulation Examples for Real Targets and Radar 231
6.3 Some Aspects of the Wideband Signal Use in Detection and Tracking 232
6.3.1 Simulation of Target Detection with Wideband Signals 234
xii Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar
6.3.2 Simulation of Target Range Glint in a Single Wideband Measurement 236
6.3.3 Simulation of Target Range Glint in Wideband Tracking 237
References 239
7 Some Expansions of the Scattering Simulation 241
7.1 Scattering Effects for Stationary (Monochromatic) Illumination of Targets 242
7.1.1 Expressions of Scattered Field for Targets with Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 243
7.1.2 Expressions of Scattered Field for Targets with Imperfectly Conducting Surfaces 244
7.1.3 The Plane Waves in Parallel Uniform Isotropic Infinite Layers 245
7.1.4 The Scattered Fields of Huygens Elementary Radiators in Approximation of Physical Optics 250
7.1.5 The Facet Method of Calculating the Surface Integral and ‘‘Cubature’’ Formulas 251
7.1.6 Example of RCS Calculation of Targets Uncovered and Covered with RAM for Small Bistatic Angles 254
7.1.7 Evaluation of RCS of Opaque Objects for Bistatic Angles Approaching 180° 257
7.1.8 Principles of Calculation of RCS for Sharp-Cornered Objects Uncovered and Covered with RAM 258
7.2 Some Calculating Methods for Nonstationary Illumination of Targets 267
7.2.1 Concept of High Frequency Responses of Targets 267
7.2.2 Calculating Bistatic Responses of Targets with Perfectly Conducting Surfaces Using the Physical Optics Approach 268
7.2.3 Example of Calculating the HFUSR of Ellipsoids with Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 271
xiii Contents
7.2.4 Example of Calculating the Transient Response of an Aircraft Model with Conducting Surface for a Wideband Signal 275
References 277
List of Acronyms 279
About the Authors 281
Index 283
Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar Scattering, Recognition, Detection, and Tracking
Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar Scattering, Recognition, Detection, and Tracking
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good book..........................
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thanks.......................
good book..........................
Computer Simulation of Aerial Target Radar Scattering, Recognition, Detection, and Tracking
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